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194 lines
7.2 KiB
Markdown
194 lines
7.2 KiB
Markdown
# SemVer
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The `semver` package provides the ability to work with [Semantic Versions](http://semver.org) in Go. Specifically it provides the ability to:
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* Parse semantic versions
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* Sort semantic versions
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* Check if a semantic version fits within a set of constraints
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* Optionally work with a `v` prefix
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[](https://masterminds.github.io/stability/active.html)
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[](https://travis-ci.org/Masterminds/semver) [](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/mattfarina/semver/branch/master) [](https://godoc.org/github.com/Masterminds/semver) [](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/Masterminds/semver)
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If you are looking for a command line tool for version comparisons please see
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[vert](https://github.com/Masterminds/vert) which uses this library.
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## Parsing Semantic Versions
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To parse a semantic version use the `NewVersion` function. For example,
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```go
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v, err := semver.NewVersion("1.2.3-beta.1+build345")
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```
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If there is an error the version wasn't parseable. The version object has methods
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to get the parts of the version, compare it to other versions, convert the
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version back into a string, and get the original string. For more details
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please see the [documentation](https://godoc.org/github.com/Masterminds/semver).
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## Sorting Semantic Versions
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A set of versions can be sorted using the [`sort`](https://golang.org/pkg/sort/)
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package from the standard library. For example,
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```go
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raw := []string{"1.2.3", "1.0", "1.3", "2", "0.4.2",}
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vs := make([]*semver.Version, len(raw))
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for i, r := range raw {
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v, err := semver.NewVersion(r)
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if err != nil {
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t.Errorf("Error parsing version: %s", err)
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}
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vs[i] = v
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}
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sort.Sort(semver.Collection(vs))
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```
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## Checking Version Constraints
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Checking a version against version constraints is one of the most featureful
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parts of the package.
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```go
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c, err := semver.NewConstraint(">= 1.2.3")
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if err != nil {
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// Handle constraint not being parseable.
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}
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v, _ := semver.NewVersion("1.3")
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if err != nil {
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// Handle version not being parseable.
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}
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// Check if the version meets the constraints. The a variable will be true.
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a := c.Check(v)
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```
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## Basic Comparisons
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There are two elements to the comparisons. First, a comparison string is a list
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of comma separated and comparisons. These are then separated by || separated or
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comparisons. For example, `">= 1.2, < 3.0.0 || >= 4.2.3"` is looking for a
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comparison that's greater than or equal to 1.2 and less than 3.0.0 or is
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greater than or equal to 4.2.3.
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The basic comparisons are:
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* `=`: equal (aliased to no operator)
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* `!=`: not equal
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* `>`: greater than
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* `<`: less than
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* `>=`: greater than or equal to
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* `<=`: less than or equal to
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## Working With Pre-release Versions
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Pre-releases, for those not familiar with them, are used for software releases
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prior to stable or generally available releases. Examples of pre-releases include
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development, alpha, beta, and release candidate releases. A pre-release may be
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a version such as `1.2.3-beta.1` while the stable release would be `1.2.3`. In the
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order of precidence, pre-releases come before their associated releases. In this
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example `1.2.3-beta.1 < 1.2.3`.
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According to the Semantic Version specification pre-releases may not be
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API compliant with their release counterpart. It says,
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> A pre-release version indicates that the version is unstable and might not satisfy the intended compatibility requirements as denoted by its associated normal version.
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SemVer comparisons without a pre-release comparator will skip pre-release versions.
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For example, `>=1.2.3` will skip pre-releases when looking at a list of releases
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while `>=1.2.3-0` will evaluate and find pre-releases.
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The reason for the `0` as a pre-release version in the example comparison is
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because pre-releases can only contain ASCII alphanumerics and hyphens (along with
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`.` separators), per the spec. Sorting happens in ASCII sort order, again per the spec. The lowest character is a `0` in ASCII sort order (see an [ASCII Table](http://www.asciitable.com/))
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Understanding ASCII sort ordering is important because A-Z comes before a-z. That
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means `>=1.2.3-BETA` will return `1.2.3-alpha`. What you might expect from case
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sensitivity doesn't apply here. This is due to ASCII sort ordering which is what
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the spec specifies.
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## Hyphen Range Comparisons
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There are multiple methods to handle ranges and the first is hyphens ranges.
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These look like:
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* `1.2 - 1.4.5` which is equivalent to `>= 1.2, <= 1.4.5`
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* `2.3.4 - 4.5` which is equivalent to `>= 2.3.4, <= 4.5`
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## Wildcards In Comparisons
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The `x`, `X`, and `*` characters can be used as a wildcard character. This works
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for all comparison operators. When used on the `=` operator it falls
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back to the pack level comparison (see tilde below). For example,
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* `1.2.x` is equivalent to `>= 1.2.0, < 1.3.0`
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* `>= 1.2.x` is equivalent to `>= 1.2.0`
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* `<= 2.x` is equivalent to `< 3`
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* `*` is equivalent to `>= 0.0.0`
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## Tilde Range Comparisons (Patch)
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The tilde (`~`) comparison operator is for patch level ranges when a minor
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version is specified and major level changes when the minor number is missing.
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For example,
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* `~1.2.3` is equivalent to `>= 1.2.3, < 1.3.0`
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* `~1` is equivalent to `>= 1, < 2`
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* `~2.3` is equivalent to `>= 2.3, < 2.4`
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* `~1.2.x` is equivalent to `>= 1.2.0, < 1.3.0`
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* `~1.x` is equivalent to `>= 1, < 2`
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## Caret Range Comparisons (Major)
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The caret (`^`) comparison operator is for major level changes. This is useful
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when comparisons of API versions as a major change is API breaking. For example,
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* `^1.2.3` is equivalent to `>= 1.2.3, < 2.0.0`
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* `^0.0.1` is equivalent to `>= 0.0.1, < 1.0.0`
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* `^1.2.x` is equivalent to `>= 1.2.0, < 2.0.0`
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* `^2.3` is equivalent to `>= 2.3, < 3`
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* `^2.x` is equivalent to `>= 2.0.0, < 3`
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# Validation
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In addition to testing a version against a constraint, a version can be validated
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against a constraint. When validation fails a slice of errors containing why a
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version didn't meet the constraint is returned. For example,
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```go
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c, err := semver.NewConstraint("<= 1.2.3, >= 1.4")
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if err != nil {
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// Handle constraint not being parseable.
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}
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v, _ := semver.NewVersion("1.3")
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if err != nil {
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// Handle version not being parseable.
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}
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// Validate a version against a constraint.
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a, msgs := c.Validate(v)
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// a is false
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for _, m := range msgs {
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fmt.Println(m)
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// Loops over the errors which would read
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// "1.3 is greater than 1.2.3"
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// "1.3 is less than 1.4"
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}
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```
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# Fuzzing
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[dvyukov/go-fuzz](https://github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz) is used for fuzzing.
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1. `go-fuzz-build`
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2. `go-fuzz -workdir=fuzz`
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# Contribute
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If you find an issue or want to contribute please file an [issue](https://github.com/Masterminds/semver/issues)
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or [create a pull request](https://github.com/Masterminds/semver/pulls).
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