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121 lines
6.4 KiB
Markdown
121 lines
6.4 KiB
Markdown
# Globally Unique ID Generator
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[](https://godoc.org/github.com/rs/xid) [](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rs/xid/master/LICENSE) [](https://travis-ci.org/rs/xid) [](http://gocover.io/github.com/rs/xid)
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Package xid is a globally unique id generator library, ready to safely be used directly in your server code.
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Xid uses the Mongo Object ID algorithm to generate globally unique ids with a different serialization ([base32hex](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648#page-10)) to make it shorter when transported as a string:
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https://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/object-id/
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- 4-byte value representing the seconds since the Unix epoch,
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- 3-byte machine identifier,
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- 2-byte process id, and
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- 3-byte counter, starting with a random value.
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The binary representation of the id is compatible with Mongo 12 bytes Object IDs.
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The string representation is using [base32hex](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648#page-10) (w/o padding) for better space efficiency
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when stored in that form (20 bytes). The hex variant of base32 is used to retain the
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sortable property of the id.
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Xid doesn't use base64 because case sensitivity and the 2 non alphanum chars may be an
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issue when transported as a string between various systems. Base36 wasn't retained either
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because 1/ it's not standard 2/ the resulting size is not predictable (not bit aligned)
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and 3/ it would not remain sortable. To validate a base32 `xid`, expect a 20 chars long,
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all lowercase sequence of `a` to `v` letters and `0` to `9` numbers (`[0-9a-v]{20}`).
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UUIDs are 16 bytes (128 bits) and 36 chars as string representation. Twitter Snowflake
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ids are 8 bytes (64 bits) but require machine/data-center configuration and/or central
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generator servers. xid stands in between with 12 bytes (96 bits) and a more compact
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URL-safe string representation (20 chars). No configuration or central generator server
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is required so it can be used directly in server's code.
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| Name | Binary Size | String Size | Features
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|-------------|-------------|----------------|----------------
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| [UUID] | 16 bytes | 36 chars | configuration free, not sortable
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| [shortuuid] | 16 bytes | 22 chars | configuration free, not sortable
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| [Snowflake] | 8 bytes | up to 20 chars | needs machine/DC configuration, needs central server, sortable
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| [MongoID] | 12 bytes | 24 chars | configuration free, sortable
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| xid | 12 bytes | 20 chars | configuration free, sortable
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[UUID]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier
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[shortuuid]: https://github.com/stochastic-technologies/shortuuid
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[Snowflake]: https://blog.twitter.com/2010/announcing-snowflake
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[MongoID]: https://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/object-id/
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Features:
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- Size: 12 bytes (96 bits), smaller than UUID, larger than snowflake
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- Base32 hex encoded by default (20 chars when transported as printable string, still sortable)
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- Non configured, you don't need set a unique machine and/or data center id
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- K-ordered
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- Embedded time with 1 second precision
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- Unicity guaranteed for 16,777,216 (24 bits) unique ids per second and per host/process
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- Lock-free (i.e.: unlike UUIDv1 and v2)
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Best used with [zerolog](https://github.com/rs/zerolog)'s
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[RequestIDHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/rs/zerolog/hlog#RequestIDHandler).
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Notes:
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- Xid is dependent on the system time, a monotonic counter and so is not cryptographically secure. If unpredictability of IDs is important, you should not use Xids. It is worth noting that most other UUID-like implementations are also not cryptographically secure. You should use libraries that rely on cryptographically secure sources (like /dev/urandom on unix, crypto/rand in golang), if you want a truly random ID generator.
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References:
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- http://www.slideshare.net/davegardnerisme/unique-id-generation-in-distributed-systems
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- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier
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- https://blog.twitter.com/2010/announcing-snowflake
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- Python port by [Graham Abbott](https://github.com/graham): https://github.com/graham/python_xid
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- Scala port by [Egor Kolotaev](https://github.com/kolotaev): https://github.com/kolotaev/ride
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- Rust port by [Jérôme Renard](https://github.com/jeromer/): https://github.com/jeromer/libxid
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- Ruby port by [Valar](https://github.com/valarpirai/): https://github.com/valarpirai/ruby_xid
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- Java port by [0xShamil](https://github.com/0xShamil/): https://github.com/0xShamil/java-xid
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- Dart port by [Peter Bwire](https://github.com/pitabwire): https://pub.dev/packages/xid
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- PostgreSQL port by [Rasmus Holm](https://github.com/crholm): https://github.com/modfin/pg-xid
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- Swift port by [Uditha Atukorala](https://github.com/uatuko): https://github.com/uatuko/swift-xid
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- C++ port by [Uditha Atukorala](https://github.com/uatuko): https://github.com/uatuko/libxid
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- Typescript & Javascript port by [Yiwen AI](https://github.com/yiwen-ai): https://github.com/yiwen-ai/xid-ts
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- Gleam port by [Alexandre Del Vecchio](https://github.com/defgenx): https://github.com/defgenx/gxid
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## Install
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go get github.com/rs/xid
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## Usage
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```go
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guid := xid.New()
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println(guid.String())
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// Output: 9m4e2mr0ui3e8a215n4g
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```
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Get `xid` embedded info:
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```go
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guid.Machine()
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guid.Pid()
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guid.Time()
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guid.Counter()
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```
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## Benchmark
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Benchmark against Go [Maxim Bublis](https://github.com/satori)'s [UUID](https://github.com/satori/go.uuid).
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```
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BenchmarkXID 20000000 91.1 ns/op 32 B/op 1 allocs/op
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BenchmarkXID-2 20000000 55.9 ns/op 32 B/op 1 allocs/op
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BenchmarkXID-4 50000000 32.3 ns/op 32 B/op 1 allocs/op
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BenchmarkUUIDv1 10000000 204 ns/op 48 B/op 1 allocs/op
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BenchmarkUUIDv1-2 10000000 160 ns/op 48 B/op 1 allocs/op
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BenchmarkUUIDv1-4 10000000 195 ns/op 48 B/op 1 allocs/op
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BenchmarkUUIDv4 1000000 1503 ns/op 64 B/op 2 allocs/op
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BenchmarkUUIDv4-2 1000000 1427 ns/op 64 B/op 2 allocs/op
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BenchmarkUUIDv4-4 1000000 1452 ns/op 64 B/op 2 allocs/op
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```
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Note: UUIDv1 requires a global lock, hence the performance degradation as we add more CPUs.
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## Licenses
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All source code is licensed under the [MIT License](https://raw.github.com/rs/xid/master/LICENSE).
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