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300 lines
12 KiB
XML
300 lines
12 KiB
XML
<!-- ############ chapter ############# -->
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<chapter id="cha-building-boiler" xreflabel="Constructing the Boilerplate">
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<title>Constructing the Boilerplate</title>
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<para>
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In this chapter you will learn how to construct the bare minimum code for a
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new plugin. Starting from ground zero, you will see how to get the
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&GStreamer; template source. Then you will learn how to use a few basic
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tools to copy and modify a template plugin to create a new plugin. If you
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follow the examples here, then by the end of this chapter you will have a
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functional audio filter plugin that you can compile and use in &GStreamer;
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applications.
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</para>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="sect1-boiler-source" xreflabel="Getting the Gstreamer Plugin Templates">
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<title>Getting the Gstreamer Plugin Templates</title>
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<para>
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There are currently two ways to develop a new plugin for &GStreamer;: You
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can write the entire plugin by hand, or you can copy an existing plugin
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template and write the plugin code you need. The second method is by far
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the simpler of the two, so the first method will not even be described
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here. (Errm, that is, <quote>it is left as an exercise to the
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reader.</quote>)
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</para>
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<para>
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The first step is to check out a copy of the
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<filename>gst-template</filename> CVS module to get an important tool and
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the source code template for a basic &GStreamer; plugin. To check out the
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<filename>gst-template</filename> module, make sure you are connected to
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the internet, and type the following commands at a command console:
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</para>
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<screen>
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<prompt>shell $ </prompt><userinput>cd .</userinput>
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<prompt>shell $ </prompt><userinput>cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.gstreamer.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/gstreamer login</userinput>
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Logging in to :pserver:anonymous@cvs.gstreamer.sourceforge.net:2401/cvsroot/gstreamer
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CVS password:
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<prompt>shell $ </prompt><userinput>cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.gstreamer.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/gstreamer co gst-template</userinput>
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U gst-template/README
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U gst-template/gst-app/AUTHORS
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U gst-template/gst-app/ChangeLog
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U gst-template/gst-app/Makefile.am
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U gst-template/gst-app/NEWS
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U gst-template/gst-app/README
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U gst-template/gst-app/autogen.sh
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U gst-template/gst-app/configure.ac
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U gst-template/gst-app/src/Makefile.am
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...
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</screen>
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<para>
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After the first command, you will have to press <keycap>ENTER</keycap> to
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log in to the CVS server. (You might have to log in twice.) The second
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command will check out a series of files and directories into <filename
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class="directory">./gst-template</filename>. The template you will be
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using is in <filename
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class="directory">./gst-template/gst-plugin/</filename> directory. You
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should look over the files in that directory to get a general idea of the
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structure of a source tree for a plugin.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="sect1-boiler-project-stamp" xreflabel="Using the Project Stamp">
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<title>Using the Project Stamp</title>
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<para>
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The first thing to do when making a new element is to specify some basic
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details about it: what its name is, who wrote it, what version number it
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is, etc. We also need to define an object to represent the element and to
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store the data the element needs. These details are collectively known as
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the <emphasis>boilerplate</emphasis>.
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</para>
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<para>
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The standard way of defining the boilerplate is simply to write some code,
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and fill in some structures. As mentioned in the previous section, the
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easiest way to do this is to copy a template and add functionality
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according to your needs. To help you do so, there are some tools in the
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<filename class="directory">./gst-template/tools/</filename> directory.
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One tool, <filename>gst-quick-stamp</filename>, is a quick command line
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tool. The other, <filename>gst-project-stamp</filename>, is a full GNOME
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druid application that takes you through the steps of creating a new
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project (either a plugin or an application).
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</para>
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<para>
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To use <command>pluginstamp.sh</command>, first open up a terminal window.
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Change to the <filename class="directory">gst-template</filename>
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directory, and then run the <command>pluginstamp.sh</command> command. The
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arguments to the <command>pluginstamp.sh</command> are:
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</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>the name of the plugin, and</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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the directory that should hold a new subdirectory for the source tree
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of the plugin.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<para>
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Note that capitalization is important for the name of the plugin. Under
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some operating systems, capitalization is also important when specifying
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directory names. For example, the following commands create the
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ExampleFilter plugin based on the plugin template and put the output files
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in a new directory called <filename
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class="directory">~/src/examplefilter/</filename>:
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</para>
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<screen>
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<prompt>shell $ </prompt><userinput>cd gst-template</userinput>
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<prompt>shell $ </prompt><userinput>tools/pluginstamp.sh ExampleFilter ~/src</userinput>
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</screen>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="sect1-boiler-examine">
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<title>Examining the Basic Code</title>
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<para>
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First we will examine the code you would be likely to place in a header
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file (although since the interface to the code is entirely defined by the
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pluging system, and doesn't depend on reading a header file, this is not
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crucial.)
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The code here can be found in
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<filename>examples/pwg/examplefilter/boiler/gstexamplefilter.h</filename>.
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</para>
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<example id="ex-boiler-examine-h">
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<title>Example Plugin Header File</title>
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<programlisting>
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/* Definition of structure storing data for this element. */
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typedef struct _GstExample GstExample;
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struct _GstExample {
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GstElement element;
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GstPad *sinkpad,*srcpad;
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gint8 active;
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};
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/* Standard definition defining a class for this element. */
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typedef struct _GstExampleClass GstExampleClass;
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struct _GstExampleClass {
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GstElementClass parent_class;
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};
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/* Standard macros for defining types for this element. */
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#define GST_TYPE_EXAMPLE \
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(gst_example_get_type())
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#define GST_EXAMPLE(obj) \
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(GTK_CHECK_CAST((obj),GST_TYPE_EXAMPLE,GstExample))
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#define GST_EXAMPLE_CLASS(klass) \
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(GTK_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass),GST_TYPE_EXAMPLE,GstExample))
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#define GST_IS_EXAMPLE(obj) \
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(GTK_CHECK_TYPE((obj),GST_TYPE_EXAMPLE))
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#define GST_IS_EXAMPLE_CLASS(obj) \
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(GTK_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass),GST_TYPE_EXAMPLE))
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/* Standard function returning type information. */
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GtkType gst_example_get_type(void);
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="sect1-boiler-filterfactory" xreflabel="Creating a Filter With FilterFactory">
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<title>Creating a Filter With FilterFactory (Future)</title>
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<para>
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A plan for the future is to create a FilterFactory, to make the process of
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making a new filter a simple process of specifying a few details, and
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writing a small amount of code to perform the actual data processing.
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Ideally, a FilterFactory would perform the tasks of boilerplate creation,
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code functionality implementation, and filter registration.
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</para>
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<para>
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Unfortunately, this has not yet been implemented. Even when someone
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eventually does write a FilterFactory, this element will not be able to
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cover all the possibilities available for filter writing. Thus, some
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plugins will always need to be manually coded and registered.
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</para>
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<para>
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Here is a rough outline of what is planned: You run the FilterFactory and
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give the factory a list of appropriate function pointers and data
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structures to define a filter. With a reasonable measure of preprocessor
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magic, you just need to provide a name for the filter and definitions of
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the functions and data structures desired. Then you call a macro from
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within plugin_init() that registers the new filter. All the fluff that
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goes into the definition of a filter is thus be hidden from view.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="sect1-boiler-details">
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<title>GstElementDetails</title>
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<para>
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The GstElementDetails structure gives a heirarchical type for the element,
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a human-readable description of the element, as well as author and version
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data. The entries are:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>
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A long, english, name for the element.
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</para></listitem><listitem><para>
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The type of the element, as a heirarchy. The heirarchy is defined by
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specifying the top level category, followed by a "/", followed by the
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next level category, etc. The type should be defined according to the
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guidelines elsewhere in this document. (FIXME: write the guidelines, and
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give a better reference to them)
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</para></listitem><listitem><para>
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A brief description of the purpose of the element.
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</para></listitem><listitem><para>
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The version number of the element. For elements in the main GStreamer
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source code, this will often simply be VERSION, which is a macro defined
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to be the version number of the current GStreamer version. The only
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requirement, however, is that the version number should increase
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monotonically.
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</para>
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<para>
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Version numbers should be stored in major.minor.patch form: ie, 3
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(decimal) numbers, separated by periods (.).
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</para></listitem><listitem><para>
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The name of the author of the element, optionally followed by a contact
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email address in angle brackets.
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</para></listitem><listitem><para>
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The copyright details for the element.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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For example:
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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static GstElementDetails example_details = {
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"An example plugin",
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"Example/FirstExample",
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"Shows the basic structure of a plugin",
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VERSION,
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"your name <your.name@your.isp>",
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"(C) 2001",
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};
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</programlisting>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="sect1-boiler-constructors">
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<title>Constructor Functions</title>
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<para>
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Each element has two functions which are used for construction of an
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element. These are the _class_init() function, which is used to initialise
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the class (specifying what signals and arguments the class has and setting
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up global state), and the _init() function, which is used to initialise a
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specific instance of the class.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="sect1-boiler-plugininit">
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<title>The plugin_init function</title>
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<para>
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Once we have written code defining all the parts of the plugin, we need to
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write the plugin_init() function. This is a special function, which is
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called as soon as the plugin is loaded, and must return a pointer to a
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newly allocated GstPlugin structure. This structure contains the details
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of all the facilities provided by the plugin, and is the mechanism by
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which the definitions are made available to the rest of the &GStreamer;
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system. Helper functions are provided to help fill the structure: for
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future compatability it is required that these functions are used, as
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documented below, rather than attempting to access the structure directly.
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that the information returned by the plugin_init() function will be
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cached in a central registry. For this reason, it is important that the
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same information is always returned by the function: for example, it
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must not make element factories available based on runtime conditions. If an element
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can only work in certain conditions (for example, if the soundcard is not
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being used by some other process) this must be reflected by the element
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being unable to enter the READY state if unavailable, rather than the plugin
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attempting to deny existence of the plugin.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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