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433 lines
18 KiB
XML
433 lines
18 KiB
XML
<!-- ############ chapter ############# -->
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<chapter id="chapter-intro-basics" xreflabel="Foundations">
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<title>Foundations</title>
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<para><!-- synchronize with AppDevMan -->
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This chapter of the guide introduces the basic concepts of &GStreamer;.
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Understanding these concepts will help you grok the issues involved in
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extending &GStreamer;. Many of these concepts are explained in greater
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detail in the &GstAppDevMan;; the basic concepts presented here serve mainly
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to refresh your memory.
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</para>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="section-basics-elements" xreflabel="Elements and Plugins">
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<title>Elements and Plugins</title>
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<para>
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Elements are at the core of &GStreamer;. In the context of plugin
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development, an <emphasis>element</emphasis> is an object derived from the
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<ulink type="http" url="../../gstreamer/html/GstElement.html"><classname>
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GstElement</classname></ulink> class. Elements provide some sort of
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functionality when linked with other elements: For example, a source
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element provides data to a stream, and a filter element acts on the data
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in a stream. Without elements, &GStreamer; is just a bunch of conceptual
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pipe fittings with nothing to link. A large number of elements ship
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with &GStreamer;, but extra elements can also be written.
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</para>
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<para>
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Just writing a new element is not entirely enough, however: You will need
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to encapsulate your element in a <emphasis>plugin</emphasis> to enable
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&GStreamer; to use it. A plugin is essentially a loadable block of code,
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usually called a shared object file or a dynamically linked library. A
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single plugin may contain the implementation of several elements, or just
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a single one. For simplicity, this guide concentrates primarily on plugins
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containing one element.
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</para>
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<para>
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A <emphasis>filter</emphasis> is an important type of element that
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processes a stream of data. Producers and consumers of data are called
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<emphasis>source</emphasis> and <emphasis>sink</emphasis> elements,
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respectively. <emphasis>Bin</emphasis> elements contain other elements.
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One type of bin is responsible for scheduling the elements that they
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contain so that data flows smoothly. Another type of bin, called
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<emphasis>autoplugger</emphasis> elements, automatically add other
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elements to the bin and links them together so that they act as a
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filter between two arbitrary stream types.
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</para>
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<para>
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The plugin mechanism is used everywhere in &GStreamer;, even if only the
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standard packages are being used. A few very basic functions reside in the
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core library, and all others are implemented in plugins. A plugin registry
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is used to store the details of the plugins in an XML file. This way, a
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program using &GStreamer; does not have to load all plugins to determine
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which are needed. Plugins are only loaded when their provided elements are
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requested.
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</para>
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<para>
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See the &GstLibRef; for the current implementation details of <ulink
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type="http"
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url="../../gstreamer/html/GstElement.html"><classname>GstElement</classname></ulink>
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and <ulink type="http"
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url="../../gstreamer/html/GstPlugin.html"><classname>GstPlugin</classname></ulink>.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="section-basics-pads" xreflabel="Pads">
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<title>Pads</title>
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<para>
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<emphasis>Pads</emphasis> are used to negotiate links and data flow
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between elements in &GStreamer;. A pad can be viewed as a
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<quote>place</quote> or <quote>port</quote> on an element where
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links may be made with other elements, and through which data can
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flow to or from those elements. Pads have specific data handling
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capabilities: A pad can restrict the type of data that flows
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through it. Links are only allowed between two pads when the
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allowed data types of the two pads are compatible.
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</para>
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<para>
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An analogy may be helpful here. A pad is similar to a plug or jack on a
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physical device. Consider, for example, a home theater system consisting
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of an amplifier, a DVD player, and a (silent) video projector. Linking
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the DVD player to the amplifier is allowed because both devices have audio
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jacks, and linking the projector to the DVD player is allowed because
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both devices have compatible video jacks. Links between the
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projector and the amplifier may not be made because the projector and
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amplifier have different types of jacks. Pads in &GStreamer; serve the
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same purpose as the jacks in the home theater system.
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</para>
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<para>
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For the most part, all data in &GStreamer; flows one way through a link
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between elements. Data flows out of one element through one or more
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<emphasis>source pads</emphasis>, and elements accept incoming data through
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one or more <emphasis>sink pads</emphasis>. Source and sink elements have
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only source and sink pads, respectively.
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</para>
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<para>
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See the &GstLibRef; for the current implementation details of a <ulink
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type="http"
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url="../../gstreamer/html/GstPad.html"><classname>GstPad</classname></ulink>.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="section-basics-data" xreflabel="Data, Buffers and Events">
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<title>Data, Buffers and Events</title>
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<para>
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All streams of data in &GStreamer; are chopped up into chunks that are
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passed from a source pad on one element to a sink pad on another element.
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<emphasis>Data</emphasis> are structures used to hold these chunks of
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data.
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</para>
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<para>
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Data contains the following important types:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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An exact type indicating what type of data (control, content, ...)
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this Data is.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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A reference count indicating the number of elements currently
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holding a reference to the buffer. When the buffer reference count
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falls to zero, the buffer will be unlinked, and its memory will be
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freed in some sense (see below for more details).
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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There are two types of data defined: events (control) and buffers
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(content).
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</para>
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<para>
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Buffers may contain any sort of data that the two linked pads
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know how to handle. Normally, a buffer contains a chunk of some sort of
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audio or video data that flows from one element to another.
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</para>
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<para>
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Buffers also contain metadata describing the buffer's contents. Some of
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the important types of metadata are:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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A pointer to the buffer's data.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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An integer indicating the size of the buffer's data.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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A timestamp indicating the preferred display timestamp of the
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content in the buffer.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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Events
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contain information on the state of the stream flowing between the two
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linked pads. Events will only be sent if the element explicitly supports
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them, else the core will (try to) handle the events automatically. Events
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are used to indicate, for example, a clock discontinuity, the end of a
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media stream or that the cache should be flushed.
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</para>
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<para>
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Events may contain several of the following items:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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A subtype indicating the type of the contained event.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The other contents of the event depend on the specific event type.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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Events will be discussed extensively in <xref linkend="chapter-advanced-events"/>.
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Until then, the only event that will be used is the <emphasis>EOS</emphasis>
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event, which is used to indicate the end-of-stream (usually end-of-file).
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</para>
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<para>
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See the &GstLibRef; for the current implementation details of a <ulink
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type="http"
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url="../../gstreamer/html/gstreamer-GstMiniObject.html"><classname>GstMiniObject</classname></ulink>, <ulink type="http"
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url="../../gstreamer/html/gstreamer-GstBuffer.html"><classname>GstBuffer</classname></ulink> and <ulink type="http"
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url="../../gstreamer/html/gstreamer-GstEvent.html"><classname>GstEvent</classname></ulink>.
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</para>
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<sect2 id="sect2-buffer-allocation" xreflabel="Buffer Allocation">
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<title>Buffer Allocation</title>
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<para>
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Buffers are able to store chunks of memory of several different
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types. The most generic type of buffer contains memory allocated
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by malloc(). Such buffers, although convenient, are not always
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very fast, since data often needs to be specifically copied into
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the buffer.
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</para>
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<para>
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Many specialized elements create buffers that point to special
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memory. For example, the filesrc element usually
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maps a file into the address space of the application (using mmap()),
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and creates buffers that point into that address range. These
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buffers created by filesrc act exactly like generic buffers, except
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that they are read-only. The buffer freeing code automatically
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determines the correct method of freeing the underlying memory.
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Downstream elements that receive these kinds of buffers do not
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need to do anything special to handle or unreference it.
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</para>
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<para>
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Another way an element might get specialized buffers is to
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request them from a downstream peer. These are called
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downstream-allocated buffers. Elements can ask a
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peer connected to a source pad to create an empty buffer of
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a given size. If a downstream element is able to create a
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special buffer of the correct size, it will do so. Otherwise
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&GStreamer; will automatically create a generic buffer instead.
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The element that requested the buffer can then copy data into
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the buffer, and push the buffer to the source pad it was
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allocated from.
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</para>
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<para>
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Many sink elements have accelerated methods for copying data
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to hardware, or have direct access to hardware. It is common
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for these elements to be able to create downstream-allocated
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buffers for their upstream peers. One such example is
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ximagesink. It creates buffers that contain XImages. Thus,
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when an upstream peer copies data into the buffer, it is copying
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directly into the XImage, enabling ximagesink to draw the
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image directly to the screen instead of having to copy data
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into an XImage first.
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</para>
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<para>
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Filter elements often have the opportunity to either work on
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a buffer in-place, or work while copying from a source buffer
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to a destination buffer. It is optimal to implement both
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algorithms, since the &GStreamer; framework can choose the
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fastest algorithm as appropriate. Naturally, this only makes
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sense for strict filters -- elements that have exactly the
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same format on source and sink pads.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<!-- ############ sect1 ############# -->
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<sect1 id="section-basics-types" xreflabel="Types and Properties">
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<title>Mimetypes and Properties</title>
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<para>
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&GStreamer; uses a type system to ensure that the data passed between
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elements is in a recognized format. The type system is also important
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for ensuring that the parameters required to fully specify a format match
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up correctly when linking pads between elements. Each link that is
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made between elements has a specified type and optionally a set of
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properties.
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</para>
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<!-- ############ sect2 ############# -->
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<sect2 id="sect2-types-basictypes" xreflabel="Basic Types">
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<title>The Basic Types</title>
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<para>
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&GStreamer; already supports many basic media types. Following is a
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table of a few of the basic types used for buffers in
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&GStreamer;. The table contains the name ("mime type") and a
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description of the type, the properties associated with the type, and
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the meaning of each property. A full list of supported types is
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included in <xref linkend="section-types-definitions"/>.
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</para>
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<table frame="all" id="table-basictypes" xreflabel="Table of Example Types">
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<title>Table of Example Types</title>
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<tgroup cols="6" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Mime Type</entry>
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<entry>Description</entry>
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<entry>Property</entry>
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<entry>Property Type</entry>
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<entry>Property Values</entry>
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<entry>Property Description</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<!-- ############ type ############# -->
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<row>
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<entry morerows="1">audio/*</entry>
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<entry morerows="1">
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<emphasis>All audio types</emphasis>
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</entry>
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<entry>rate</entry>
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<entry>integer</entry>
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<entry>greater than 0</entry>
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<entry>
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The sample rate of the data, in samples (per channel) per second.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>channels</entry>
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<entry>integer</entry>
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<entry>greater than 0</entry>
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<entry>
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The number of channels of audio data.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<!-- ############ type ############# -->
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<row>
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<entry morerows="3">audio/x-raw-int</entry>
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<entry morerows="3">
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Unstructured and uncompressed raw integer audio data.
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</entry>
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<entry>endianness</entry>
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<entry>integer</entry>
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<entry>G_BIG_ENDIAN (4321) or G_LITTLE_ENDIAN (1234)</entry>
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<entry>
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The order of bytes in a sample. The value G_LITTLE_ENDIAN (1234)
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means <quote>little-endian</quote> (byte-order is <quote>least
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significant byte first</quote>). The value G_BIG_ENDIAN (4321)
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means <quote>big-endian</quote> (byte order is <quote>most
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significant byte first</quote>).
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>signed</entry>
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<entry>boolean</entry>
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<entry>TRUE or FALSE</entry>
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<entry>
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Whether the values of the integer samples are signed or not.
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Signed samples use one bit to indicate sign (negative or
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positive) of the value. Unsigned samples are always positive.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>width</entry>
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<entry>integer</entry>
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<entry>greater than 0</entry>
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<entry>
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Number of bits allocated per sample.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>depth</entry>
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<entry>integer</entry>
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<entry>greater than 0</entry>
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<entry>
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The number of bits used per sample. This must be less than or
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equal to the width: If the depth is less than the width, the
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low bits are assumed to be the ones used. For example, a width
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of 32 and a depth of 24 means that each sample is stored in a
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32 bit word, but only the low 24 bits are actually used.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<!-- ############ type ############# -->
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<row>
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<entry morerows="3">audio/mpeg</entry>
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<entry morerows="3">
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Audio data compressed using the MPEG audio encoding scheme.
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</entry>
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<entry>mpegversion</entry>
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<entry>integer</entry>
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<entry>1, 2 or 4</entry>
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<entry>
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The MPEG-version used for encoding the data. The value 1 refers
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to MPEG-1, -2 and -2.5 layer 1, 2 or 3. The values 2 and 4 refer
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to the MPEG-AAC audio encoding schemes.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>framed</entry>
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<entry>boolean</entry>
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<entry>0 or 1</entry>
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<entry>
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A true value indicates that each buffer contains exactly one
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frame. A false value indicates that frames and buffers do not
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necessarily match up.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>layer</entry>
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<entry>integer</entry>
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<entry>1, 2, or 3</entry>
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<entry>
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The compression scheme layer used to compress the data
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<emphasis>(only if mpegversion=1)</emphasis>.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>bitrate</entry>
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<entry>integer</entry>
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<entry>greater than 0</entry>
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<entry>
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The bitrate, in bits per second. For VBR (variable bitrate)
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MPEG data, this is the average bitrate.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<!-- ############ type ############# -->
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<row>
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<entry>audio/x-vorbis</entry>
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<entry>Vorbis audio data</entry>
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<entry></entry>
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<entry></entry>
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<entry></entry>
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<entry>
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There are currently no specific properties defined for this type.
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</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</table>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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