gstreamer/docs/manual/advanced.xml

<chapter id="cha-advanced">
  <title>Threads</title>
  <para> 
    The small application we created in the previous chapter used the
    concept of a factory to create the elements. In this chapter we will
    show you how to use the factory concepts.
  </para>

  <sect1>
    <title>The problems with the helloworld example</title>
    <para> 
      If we take a look at how the elements were created in the previous
      example we used a rather crude mechanism:
    </para>

    <programlisting>
  ...    
  /* now it's time to get the parser */
  parse = gst_elementfactory_make("mp3parse","parse");
  decoder = gst_elementfactory_make("mpg123","decoder");
  ...
    </programlisting>

    <para>
      While this mechanism is quite effective it also has one big problems:
      The elements are created base on their name. Indeed, we create an 
      element mpg123 by explicitly stating the mpg123 elements name.
      Our little program therefore always uses the mpg123 decoder element
      to decode the MP3 audio stream, even if there are 3 other MP3 decoders
      in the system. We will see how we can use a more general way to create 
      an MP3 decoder element.
    </para>
    <para>
      We have to introduce the concept of MIME types added to the source and
      sink pads.
    </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>MIME Types</title>
    <para> 
      GStreamer uses MIME types to indentify the different types of data
      that can be handled by the elements. They are the high level
      mechanisms to make sure that everyone is talking about the right
      kind of data. 
    </para> 
    <para> 
      A MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) types are a set of
      string that donote a certain type of data. examples include:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
	    audio/raw : raw audio samples
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
	    audio/mpeg : mpeg audio
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
	    video/mpeg : mpeg video
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para> 
    <para> 
      An element must associate a MIME type to its source and sink pads
      when it is loaded into the system. GStreamer knows about the
      different elements and what type of data they expect and emit.
      This allows for very dynamic and extensible element creation as we
      will see.
    </para> 

    <para>
      In our helloworld example the elements we constructed would have the
      following MIME types associated with their source and sink pads:
    </para>
    <para>
      We will see how you can create an element based on the MIME types
      of its source and sink pads. This way the end-user will have the
      ability to choose his/her favorite audio/mpeg decoder without
      you even having to care about it.
    </para>
    <para>
      The typing of the source and sink pads also makes it possible to
      'autoplug' a pipeline. We will have the ability to say: "construct
      me a pipeline that does an audio/mpeg to audio/raw conversion".
    </para>
    <note>
      <para>
        The basic GStreamer library does not try to solve all of your 
	autoplug problems. It leaves the hard decisions to the application
	programmer, where they belong. 
      </para>
    </note>
    
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>GStreamer types</title>
    <para> 
      GStreamer assigns a unique number to all registered MIME types. It 
      also maintains a list of all elements that either uses this type
      as a source or as a sink. GStreamer also keeps a reference to
      a function that can be used to determine if a given buffer is of
      the given MIME type.
    </para>
    <para> 
      There is also an association between a MIME type and a file
      extension. 
    </para>
    <para> 
      The type information is maintained in a list of 
      <classname>GstType</classname>. The definition of a 
      <classname>GstType</classname> is like:
    </para>
    <programlisting>
typedef gboolean (*GstTypeFindFunc) (GstBuffer *buf,gpointer *priv);
 
typedef struct _GstType GstType;

struct _GstType {
  guint16 id;                   /* type id (assigned) */

  gchar *mime;                  /* MIME type */
  gchar *exts;                  /* space-delimited list of extensions */

  GstTypeFindFunc typefindfunc; /* typefind function */

  GList *srcs;                  /* list of src objects for this type */
  GList *sinks;                 /* list of sink objects for type */
};
    </programlisting>
    <para> 
      All operations on <classname>GstType</classname> occur via their
      <classname>guint16 id</classname> numbers, with <classname>GstType</classname>
      structure private to the GStreamer library.
    </para> 

    <sect2>
    <title>MIME type to id conversion</title>

      <para> 
        We can obtain the id for a given MIME type
        with the following piece of code:
      </para> 
      <programlisting>
  guint16 id;
  
  id = gst_type_find_by_mime("audio/mpeg");
      </programlisting>
      <para> 
        This function will return 0 if the type was not known.
      </para> 
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
    <title>id to <classname>GstType</classname> conversion</title>
      <para> 
        We can obtain the <classname>GstType</classname> for a given id 
        with the following piece of code:
      </para> 
      <programlisting>
  GstType *type;
  
  type = gst_type_find_by_id(id);
      </programlisting>
      <para> 
        This function will return NULL if the id was associated with
        any known <classname>GstType</classname>
      </para> 
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
    <title>extension to id conversion</title>
      <para> 
        We can obtain the id for a given file extension
        with the following piece of code:
      </para> 
      <programlisting>
  guint16 id;
  
  id = gst_type_find_by_ext(".mp3");
      </programlisting>
      <para> 
        This function will return 0 if the extension was not known.
      </para> 
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>id to <classname>GstElementFactory</classname> conversion</title>
      <para>
        When we have obtained a given type id using one of the above methods,
        we can obtain a list of all the elements that operate on this MIME
        type or extension.
      </para>
      <para>
        Obtain a list of all the elements that use this id as source with:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  GList *list;

  list = gst_type_gst_srcs(id);
      </programlisting>

      <para>
        Obtain a list of all the elements that use this id as sink with:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  GList *list;

  list = gst_type_gst_sinks(id);
      </programlisting>
      <para>
        When you have a list of elements, you can simply take the first
	element of the list to obtain an appropriate element.
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
	  As you can see, there might be a multitude of elements that
	  are able to operate on audio/raw types. some might include:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                an MP3 audio encoder.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                an audio sink.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                an audio resampler.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                a spectrum filter.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
	  Depending on the application, you might want to use a different
	  element. This is why GStreamer leaves that decision up to the
	  application programmer.
        </para>
      </note>
      
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>id to id path detection</title>
      <para>
        You can obtain a <classname>GList</classname> of elements that
	will transform the source id into the destination id.
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  GList *list;

  list = gst_type_gst_sink_to_src(sourceid, sinkid);
      </programlisting>
      <para>
        This piece of code will give you the elements needed to construct
	a path from sourceid to sinkid. This function is mainly used in
	autoplugging the pipeline.
      </para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>creating elements with the factory</title>
    <para>
      In the previous section we described how you could obtain
      an element factory using MIME types. Once the factory has been
      obtained, you can create an element using:
    </para>
    <programlisting>
  GstElementFactory *factory;
  GstElement *element;

  // obtain the factory
  factory = ... 

  element = gst_elementfactory_create(factory, "name");
    </programlisting>
    <para>
      This way, you do not have to create elements by name which
      allows the end-user to select the elements he/she prefers for the
      given MIME types.
    </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>GStreamer basic types</title>
    <para>
      GStreamer only has two builtin types:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          audio/raw : raw audio samples
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          video/raw and image/raw : raw video data
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      All other MIME types are maintained by the plugin elements.
    </para>

  </sect1>
</chapter>