16 KiB
Playback tutorial 4: Progressive streaming
Goal
Basic tutorial 12: Streaming showed how to enhance the user experience in poor network conditions, by taking buffering into account. This tutorial further expands Basic tutorial 12: Streaming by enabling the local storage of the streamed media, and describes the advantages of this technique. In particular, it shows:
- How to enable progressive downloading
- How to know what has been downloaded
- How to know where it has been downloaded
- How to limit the amount of downloaded data that is kept
Introduction
When streaming, data is fetched from the network and a small buffer of future-data is kept to ensure smooth playback (see Basic tutorial 12: Streaming). However, data is discarded as soon as it is displayed or rendered (there is no past-data buffer). This means, that if a user wants to jump back and continue playback from a point in the past, data needs to be re-downloaded.
Media players tailored for streaming, like YouTube, usually keep all downloaded data stored locally for this contingency. A graphical widget is also normally used to show how much of the file has already been downloaded.
playbin offers similar functionalities through the DOWNLOAD flag
which stores the media in a local temporary file for faster playback of
already-downloaded chunks.
This code also shows how to use the Buffering Query, which allows knowing what parts of the file are available.
A network-resilient example with local storage
Copy this code into a text file named playback-tutorial-4.c.
 |
This tutorial is included in the SDK since release 2012.7. If you cannot find it in the downloaded code, please install the latest release of the GStreamer SDK. |
playback-tutorial-4.c
#include <gst/gst.h>
#include <string.h>
#define GRAPH_LENGTH 80
/* playbin flags */
typedef enum {
GST_PLAY_FLAG_DOWNLOAD = (1 << 7) /* Enable progressive download (on selected formats) */
} GstPlayFlags;
typedef struct _CustomData {
gboolean is_live;
GstElement *pipeline;
GMainLoop *loop;
gint buffering_level;
} CustomData;
static void got_location (GstObject *gstobject, GstObject *prop_object, GParamSpec *prop, gpointer data) {
gchar *location;
g_object_get (G_OBJECT (prop_object), "temp-location", &location, NULL);
g_print ("Temporary file: %s\n", location);
/* Uncomment this line to keep the temporary file after the program exits */
/* g_object_set (G_OBJECT (prop_object), "temp-remove", FALSE, NULL); */
}
static void cb_message (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE (msg)) {
case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR: {
GError *err;
gchar *debug;
gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug);
g_print ("Error: %s\n", err->message);
g_error_free (err);
g_free (debug);
gst_element_set_state (data->pipeline, GST_STATE_READY);
g_main_loop_quit (data->loop);
break;
}
case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
/* end-of-stream */
gst_element_set_state (data->pipeline, GST_STATE_READY);
g_main_loop_quit (data->loop);
break;
case GST_MESSAGE_BUFFERING:
/* If the stream is live, we do not care about buffering. */
if (data->is_live) break;
gst_message_parse_buffering (msg, &data->buffering_level);
/* Wait until buffering is complete before start/resume playing */
if (data->buffering_level < 100)
gst_element_set_state (data->pipeline, GST_STATE_PAUSED);
else
gst_element_set_state (data->pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
break;
case GST_MESSAGE_CLOCK_LOST:
/* Get a new clock */
gst_element_set_state (data->pipeline, GST_STATE_PAUSED);
gst_element_set_state (data->pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
break;
default:
/* Unhandled message */
break;
}
}
static gboolean refresh_ui (CustomData *data) {
GstQuery *query;
gboolean result;
query = gst_query_new_buffering (GST_FORMAT_PERCENT);
result = gst_element_query (data->pipeline, query);
if (result) {
gint n_ranges, range, i;
gchar graph[GRAPH_LENGTH + 1];
GstFormat format = GST_FORMAT_TIME;
gint64 position = 0, duration = 0;
memset (graph, ' ', GRAPH_LENGTH);
graph[GRAPH_LENGTH] = '\0';
n_ranges = gst_query_get_n_buffering_ranges (query);
for (range = 0; range < n_ranges; range++) {
gint64 start, stop;
gst_query_parse_nth_buffering_range (query, range, &start, &stop);
start = start * GRAPH_LENGTH / 100;
stop = stop * GRAPH_LENGTH / 100;
for (i = (gint)start; i < stop; i++)
graph [i] = '-';
}
if (gst_element_query_position (data->pipeline, &format, &position) &&
GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (position) &&
gst_element_query_duration (data->pipeline, &format, &duration) &&
GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (duration)) {
i = (gint)(GRAPH_LENGTH * (double)position / (double)(duration + 1));
graph [i] = data->buffering_level < 100 ? 'X' : '>';
}
g_print ("[%s]", graph);
if (data->buffering_level < 100) {
g_print (" Buffering: %3d%%", data->buffering_level);
} else {
g_print (" ");
}
g_print ("\r");
}
return TRUE;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GstElement *pipeline;
GstBus *bus;
GstStateChangeReturn ret;
GMainLoop *main_loop;
CustomData data;
guint flags;
/* Initialize GStreamer */
gst_init (&argc, &argv);
/* Initialize our data structure */
memset (&data, 0, sizeof (data));
data.buffering_level = 100;
/* Build the pipeline */
pipeline = gst_parse_launch ("playbin uri=http://docs.gstreamer.com/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm", NULL);
bus = gst_element_get_bus (pipeline);
/* Set the download flag */
g_object_get (pipeline, "flags", &flags, NULL);
flags |= GST_PLAY_FLAG_DOWNLOAD;
g_object_set (pipeline, "flags", flags, NULL);
/* Uncomment this line to limit the amount of downloaded data */
/* g_object_set (pipeline, "ring-buffer-max-size", (guint64)4000000, NULL); */
/* Start playing */
ret = gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state.\n");
gst_object_unref (pipeline);
return -1;
} else if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_NO_PREROLL) {
data.is_live = TRUE;
}
main_loop = g_main_loop_new (NULL, FALSE);
data.loop = main_loop;
data.pipeline = pipeline;
gst_bus_add_signal_watch (bus);
g_signal_connect (bus, "message", G_CALLBACK (cb_message), &data);
g_signal_connect (pipeline, "deep-notify::temp-location", G_CALLBACK (got_location), NULL);
/* Register a function that GLib will call every second */
g_timeout_add_seconds (1, (GSourceFunc)refresh_ui, &data);
g_main_loop_run (main_loop);
/* Free resources */
g_main_loop_unref (main_loop);
gst_object_unref (bus);
gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
gst_object_unref (pipeline);
g_print ("\n");
return 0;
}
|
 Need help? (Click to expand)
If you need help to compile this code, refer to the Building the tutorials section for your platform: Linux, Mac OS X or Windows, or use this specific command on Linux:
If you need help to run this code, refer to the Running the tutorials section for your platform: Linux, Mac OS X or Windows This tutorial opens a window and displays a movie, with accompanying audio. The media is fetched from the Internet, so the window might take a few seconds to appear, depending on your connection speed. In the console window, you should see a message indicating where the media is being stored, and a text graph representing the downloaded portions and the current position. A buffering message appears whenever buffering is required, which might never happen is your network connection is fast enough Required libraries: |
Walkthrough
This code is based on that of Basic tutorial 12: Streaming. Let’s review only the differences.
Setup
/* Set the download flag */
g_object_get (pipeline, "flags", &flags, NULL);
flags |= GST_PLAY_FLAG_DOWNLOAD;
g_object_set (pipeline, "flags", flags, NULL);
By setting this flag, playbin instructs its internal queue (a
queue2 element, actually) to store all downloaded
data.
g_signal_connect (pipeline, "deep-notify::temp-location", G_CALLBACK (got_location), NULL);
deep-notify signals are emitted by GstObject elements (like
playbin) when the properties of any of their children elements
change. In this case we want to know when the temp-location property
changes, indicating that the queue2 has decided where to store the
downloaded
data.
static void got_location (GstObject *gstobject, GstObject *prop_object, GParamSpec *prop, gpointer data) {
gchar *location;
g_object_get (G_OBJECT (prop_object), "temp-location", &location, NULL);
g_print ("Temporary file: %s\n", location);
/* Uncomment this line to keep the temporary file after the program exits */
/* g_object_set (G_OBJECT (prop_object), "temp-remove", FALSE, NULL); */
}
The temp-location property is read from the element that triggered the
signal (the queue2) and printed on screen.
When the pipeline state changes from PAUSED to READY, this file is
removed. As the comment reads, you can keep it by setting the
temp-remove property of the queue2 to FALSE.
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On Windows this file is usually created inside the |
User Interface
In main we also install a timer which we use to refresh the UI every
second.
/* Register a function that GLib will call every second */
g_timeout_add_seconds (1, (GSourceFunc)refresh_ui, &data);
The refresh_ui method queries the pipeline to find out which parts of
the file have been downloaded and what the currently playing position
is. It builds a graph to display this information (sort of a text-mode
user interface) and prints it on screen, overwriting the previous one so
it looks like it is animated:
[---->------- ]
The dashes ‘-’ indicate the downloaded parts, and the greater-than
sign ‘>’ shows the current position (turning into an ‘X’ when the
pipeline is paused). Keep in mind that if your network is fast enough,
you will not see the download bar (the dashes) advance at all; it will
be completely full from the beginning.
static gboolean refresh_ui (CustomData *data) {
GstQuery *query;
gboolean result;
query = gst_query_new_buffering (GST_FORMAT_PERCENT);
result = gst_element_query (data->pipeline, query);
The first thing we do in refresh_ui is construct a new Buffering
GstQuery with gst_query_new_buffering() and pass it to the pipeline
(playbin) with gst_element_query(). In Basic tutorial 4: Time
management we have
already seen how to perform simple queries like Position and Duration
using specific methods. More complex queries, like Buffering, need to
use the more general gst_element_query().
The Buffering query can be made in different GstFormat (TIME, BYTES,
PERCENTAGE and a few more). Not all elements can answer the query in all
the formats, so you need to check which ones are supported in your
particular pipeline. If gst_element_query() returns TRUE, the query
succeeded. The answer to the query is contained in the same
GstQuery structure we created, and can be retrieved using multiple
parse methods:
n_ranges = gst_query_get_n_buffering_ranges (query);
for (range = 0; range < n_ranges; range++) {
gint64 start, stop;
gst_query_parse_nth_buffering_range (query, range, &start, &stop);
start = start * GRAPH_LENGTH / 100;
stop = stop * GRAPH_LENGTH / 100;
for (i = (gint)start; i < stop; i++)
graph [i] = '-';
}
Data does not need to be downloaded in consecutive pieces from the
beginning of the file: Seeking, for example, might force to start
downloading from a new position and leave a downloaded chunk behind.
Therefore, gst_query_get_n_buffering_ranges() returns the number of
chunks, or ranges of downloaded data, and then, the position and size
of each range is retrieved with gst_query_parse_nth_buffering_range().
The format of the returned values (start and stop position for each
range) depends on what we requested in the
gst_query_new_buffering() call. In this case, PERCENTAGE. These
values are used to generate the graph.
if (gst_element_query_position (data->pipeline, &format, &position) &&
GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (position) &&
gst_element_query_duration (data->pipeline, &format, &duration) &&
GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (duration)) {
i = (gint)(GRAPH_LENGTH * (double)position / (double)(duration + 1));
graph [i] = data->buffering_level < 100 ? 'X' : '>';
}
Next, the current position is queried. It could be queried in the PERCENT format, so code similar to the one used for the ranges is used, but currently this format is not well supported for position queries. Instead, we use the TIME format and also query the duration to obtain a percentage.
The current position is indicated with either a ‘>’ or an ‘X’
depending on the buffering level. If it is below 100%, the code in the
cb_message method will have set the pipeline to PAUSED, so we print
an ‘X’. If the buffering level is 100% the pipeline is in the
PLAYING state and we print a ‘>’.
if (data->buffering_level < 100) {
g_print (" Buffering: %3d%%", data->buffering_level);
} else {
g_print (" ");
}
Finally, if the buffering level is below 100%, we report this information (and delete it otherwise).
Limiting the size of the downloaded file
/* Uncomment this line to limit the amount of downloaded data */
/* g_object_set (pipeline, "ring-buffer-max-size", (guint64)4000000, NULL); */
Uncomment line 139 to see how this can be achieved. This reduces the size of the temporary file, by overwriting already played regions. Observe the download bar to see which regions are kept available in the file.
Conclusion
This tutorial has shown:
- How to enable progressive downloading with the
GST_PLAY_FLAG_DOWNLOADplaybinflag - How to know what has been downloaded using a Buffering
GstQuery - How to know where it has been downloaded with the
deep-notify::temp-locationsignal - How to limit the size of the temporary file with
the
ring-buffer-max-sizeproperty ofplaybin.
It has been a pleasure having you here, and see you soon!
Attachments:
playback-tutorial-4.c (text/plain)
vs2010.zip (application/zip)