gstreamer/ext/vulkan/vkupload.c

/*
 * GStreamer
 * Copyright (C) 2016 Matthew Waters <matthew@centricular.com>
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Library General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,
 * Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
 */

/**
 * SECTION:element-vulkanupload
 * @title: vulkanupload
 *
 * vulkanupload uploads data into Vulkan memory objects.
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#include <string.h>
#include "gstvulkanelements.h"
#include "vkupload.h"

GST_DEBUG_CATEGORY (gst_debug_vulkan_upload);
#define GST_CAT_DEFAULT gst_debug_vulkan_upload

static GstCaps *
_set_caps_features_with_passthrough (const GstCaps * caps,
    const gchar * feature_name, GstCapsFeatures * passthrough)
{
  guint i, j, m, n;
  GstCaps *tmp;

  tmp = gst_caps_copy (caps);

  n = gst_caps_get_size (caps);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    GstCapsFeatures *features, *orig_features;

    orig_features = gst_caps_get_features (caps, i);
    features = gst_caps_features_new (feature_name, NULL);

    m = gst_caps_features_get_size (orig_features);
    for (j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      const gchar *feature = gst_caps_features_get_nth (orig_features, j);

      /* if we already have the features */
      if (gst_caps_features_contains (features, feature))
        continue;

      if (g_strcmp0 (feature, GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_SYSTEM_MEMORY) == 0)
        continue;

      if (passthrough && gst_caps_features_contains (passthrough, feature)) {
        gst_caps_features_add (features, feature);
      }
    }

    gst_caps_set_features (tmp, i, features);
  }

  return tmp;
}

struct BufferUpload
{
  GstVulkanUpload *upload;
};

static gpointer
_buffer_new_impl (GstVulkanUpload * upload)
{
  struct BufferUpload *raw = g_new0 (struct BufferUpload, 1);

  raw->upload = upload;

  return raw;
}

static GstCaps *
_buffer_transform_caps (gpointer impl, GstPadDirection direction,
    GstCaps * caps)
{
  return gst_caps_ref (caps);
}

static gboolean
_buffer_set_caps (gpointer impl, GstCaps * in_caps, GstCaps * out_caps)
{
  return TRUE;
}

static void
_buffer_propose_allocation (gpointer impl, GstQuery * decide_query,
    GstQuery * query)
{
  struct BufferUpload *raw = impl;
  gboolean need_pool;
  GstCaps *caps;
  GstVideoInfo info;
  guint size;
  GstBufferPool *pool = NULL;

  gst_query_parse_allocation (query, &caps, &need_pool);

  if (caps == NULL)
    return;

  if (!gst_video_info_from_caps (&info, caps))
    return;

  /* the normal size of a frame */
  size = info.size;

  if (need_pool) {
    GstStructure *config;

    pool = gst_vulkan_buffer_pool_new (raw->upload->device);

    config = gst_buffer_pool_get_config (pool);
    gst_buffer_pool_config_set_params (config, caps, size, 0, 0);

    if (!gst_buffer_pool_set_config (pool, config)) {
      g_object_unref (pool);
      return;
    }
  }

  gst_query_add_allocation_pool (query, pool, size, 1, 0);
  if (pool)
    g_object_unref (pool);

  return;
}

static GstFlowReturn
_buffer_perform (gpointer impl, GstBuffer * inbuf, GstBuffer ** outbuf)
{
  if (!gst_is_vulkan_buffer_memory (gst_buffer_peek_memory (inbuf, 0)))
    return GST_FLOW_ERROR;

  *outbuf = inbuf;

  return GST_FLOW_OK;
}

static void
_buffer_free (gpointer impl)
{
  g_free (impl);
}

static GstStaticCaps _buffer_in_templ =
    GST_STATIC_CAPS ("video/x-raw(" GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_BUFFER ") ;"
    "video/x-raw");
static GstStaticCaps _buffer_out_templ =
GST_STATIC_CAPS ("video/x-raw(" GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_BUFFER ")");

static const struct UploadMethod buffer_upload = {
  "VulkanBuffer",
  &_buffer_in_templ,
  &_buffer_out_templ,
  _buffer_new_impl,
  _buffer_transform_caps,
  _buffer_set_caps,
  _buffer_propose_allocation,
  _buffer_perform,
  _buffer_free,
};

struct RawToBufferUpload
{
  GstVulkanUpload *upload;

  GstVideoInfo in_info;
  GstVideoInfo out_info;

  GstBufferPool *pool;
  gboolean pool_active;

  gsize alloc_sizes[GST_VIDEO_MAX_PLANES];
};

static gpointer
_raw_to_buffer_new_impl (GstVulkanUpload * upload)
{
  struct RawToBufferUpload *raw = g_new0 (struct RawToBufferUpload, 1);

  raw->upload = upload;

  return raw;
}

static GstCaps *
_raw_to_buffer_transform_caps (gpointer impl, GstPadDirection direction,
    GstCaps * caps)
{
  GstCaps *ret;

  if (direction == GST_PAD_SINK) {
    ret =
        _set_caps_features_with_passthrough (caps,
        GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_BUFFER, NULL);
  } else {
    ret =
        _set_caps_features_with_passthrough (caps,
        GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_SYSTEM_MEMORY, NULL);
  }

  return ret;
}

static gboolean
_raw_to_buffer_set_caps (gpointer impl, GstCaps * in_caps, GstCaps * out_caps)
{
  struct RawToBufferUpload *raw = impl;
  guint out_width, out_height;
  guint i;

  if (!gst_video_info_from_caps (&raw->in_info, in_caps))
    return FALSE;

  if (!gst_video_info_from_caps (&raw->out_info, out_caps))
    return FALSE;

  out_width = GST_VIDEO_INFO_WIDTH (&raw->out_info);
  out_height = GST_VIDEO_INFO_HEIGHT (&raw->out_info);

  for (i = 0; i < GST_VIDEO_INFO_N_PLANES (&raw->out_info); i++) {
    GstVulkanImageMemory *img_mem;
    VkFormat vk_format;

    vk_format = gst_vulkan_format_from_video_info (&raw->out_info, i);

    img_mem = (GstVulkanImageMemory *)
        gst_vulkan_image_memory_alloc (raw->upload->device, vk_format,
        out_width, out_height, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
        VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_INPUT_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);

    raw->alloc_sizes[i] = img_mem->requirements.size;

    gst_memory_unref (GST_MEMORY_CAST (img_mem));
  }

  return TRUE;
}

static void
_raw_to_buffer_propose_allocation (gpointer impl, GstQuery * decide_query,
    GstQuery * query)
{
  /* a little trickery with the impl pointer */
  _buffer_propose_allocation (impl, decide_query, query);
}

static GstFlowReturn
_raw_to_buffer_perform (gpointer impl, GstBuffer * inbuf, GstBuffer ** outbuf)
{
  struct RawToBufferUpload *raw = impl;
  GstVideoFrame v_frame;
  GstFlowReturn ret;
  guint i;

  if (!raw->pool) {
    GstStructure *config;
    guint min = 0, max = 0;
    gsize size = 1;

    raw->pool = gst_vulkan_buffer_pool_new (raw->upload->device);
    config = gst_buffer_pool_get_config (raw->pool);
    gst_buffer_pool_config_set_params (config, raw->upload->out_caps, size, min,
        max);
    gst_buffer_pool_set_config (raw->pool, config);
  }
  if (!raw->pool_active) {
    gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->pool, TRUE);
    raw->pool_active = TRUE;
  }

  if ((ret =
          gst_buffer_pool_acquire_buffer (raw->pool, outbuf,
              NULL)) != GST_FLOW_OK)
    goto out;

  if (!gst_video_frame_map (&v_frame, &raw->in_info, inbuf, GST_MAP_READ)) {
    GST_ELEMENT_ERROR (raw->upload, RESOURCE, NOT_FOUND,
        ("%s", "Failed to map input buffer"), NULL);
    return GST_FLOW_ERROR;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < GST_VIDEO_INFO_N_PLANES (&raw->out_info); i++) {
    GstMapInfo map_info;
    gsize plane_size;
    GstMemory *mem;

    mem = gst_buffer_peek_memory (*outbuf, i);
    if (!gst_memory_map (GST_MEMORY_CAST (mem), &map_info, GST_MAP_WRITE)) {
      GST_ELEMENT_ERROR (raw->upload, RESOURCE, NOT_FOUND,
          ("%s", "Failed to map output memory"), NULL);
      gst_buffer_unref (*outbuf);
      *outbuf = NULL;
      ret = GST_FLOW_ERROR;
      goto out;
    }

    plane_size =
        GST_VIDEO_INFO_PLANE_STRIDE (&raw->out_info,
        i) * GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_HEIGHT (&raw->out_info, i);
    g_assert (plane_size < map_info.size);
    memcpy (map_info.data, v_frame.data[i], plane_size);

    gst_memory_unmap (GST_MEMORY_CAST (mem), &map_info);
  }

  gst_video_frame_unmap (&v_frame);

  ret = GST_FLOW_OK;

out:
  return ret;
}

static void
_raw_to_buffer_free (gpointer impl)
{
  struct RawToBufferUpload *raw = impl;

  if (raw->pool) {
    if (raw->pool_active) {
      gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->pool, FALSE);
    }
    raw->pool_active = FALSE;
    gst_object_unref (raw->pool);
    raw->pool = NULL;
  }

  g_free (impl);
}

static GstStaticCaps _raw_to_buffer_in_templ = GST_STATIC_CAPS ("video/x-raw");
static GstStaticCaps _raw_to_buffer_out_templ =
GST_STATIC_CAPS ("video/x-raw(" GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_BUFFER ")");

static const struct UploadMethod raw_to_buffer_upload = {
  "RawToVulkanBuffer",
  &_raw_to_buffer_in_templ,
  &_raw_to_buffer_out_templ,
  _raw_to_buffer_new_impl,
  _raw_to_buffer_transform_caps,
  _raw_to_buffer_set_caps,
  _raw_to_buffer_propose_allocation,
  _raw_to_buffer_perform,
  _raw_to_buffer_free,
};

struct BufferToImageUpload
{
  GstVulkanUpload *upload;

  GstVideoInfo in_info;
  GstVideoInfo out_info;

  GstBufferPool *pool;
  gboolean pool_active;

  GstVulkanCommandPool *cmd_pool;
  GstVulkanTrashList *trash_list;
};

static gpointer
_buffer_to_image_new_impl (GstVulkanUpload * upload)
{
  struct BufferToImageUpload *raw = g_new0 (struct BufferToImageUpload, 1);

  raw->upload = upload;
  raw->trash_list = gst_vulkan_trash_fence_list_new ();

  return raw;
}

static GstCaps *
_buffer_to_image_transform_caps (gpointer impl, GstPadDirection direction,
    GstCaps * caps)
{
  GstCaps *ret;

  if (direction == GST_PAD_SINK) {
    ret =
        _set_caps_features_with_passthrough (caps,
        GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_IMAGE, NULL);
  } else {
    ret =
        _set_caps_features_with_passthrough (caps,
        GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_BUFFER, NULL);
  }

  return ret;
}

static gboolean
_buffer_to_image_set_caps (gpointer impl, GstCaps * in_caps, GstCaps * out_caps)
{
  struct BufferToImageUpload *raw = impl;

  if (!gst_video_info_from_caps (&raw->in_info, in_caps))
    return FALSE;

  if (!gst_video_info_from_caps (&raw->out_info, out_caps))
    return FALSE;

  return TRUE;
}

static void
_buffer_to_image_propose_allocation (gpointer impl, GstQuery * decide_query,
    GstQuery * query)
{
  /* a little trickery with the impl pointer */
  _buffer_propose_allocation (impl, decide_query, query);
}

static GstFlowReturn
_buffer_to_image_perform (gpointer impl, GstBuffer * inbuf, GstBuffer ** outbuf)
{
  struct BufferToImageUpload *raw = impl;
  GstFlowReturn ret;
  GError *error = NULL;
  VkResult err;
  GstVulkanCommandBuffer *cmd_buf;
  guint i;

  if (!raw->cmd_pool) {
    if (!(raw->cmd_pool =
            gst_vulkan_queue_create_command_pool (raw->upload->queue,
                &error))) {
      goto error;
    }
  }

  if (!(cmd_buf = gst_vulkan_command_pool_create (raw->cmd_pool, &error)))
    goto error;

  if (!raw->pool) {
    GstStructure *config;
    guint min = 0, max = 0;
    gsize size = 1;

    raw->pool = gst_vulkan_image_buffer_pool_new (raw->upload->device);
    config = gst_buffer_pool_get_config (raw->pool);
    gst_buffer_pool_config_set_params (config, raw->upload->out_caps, size, min,
        max);
    gst_buffer_pool_set_config (raw->pool, config);
  }
  if (!raw->pool_active) {
    gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->pool, TRUE);
    raw->pool_active = TRUE;
  }

  if ((ret =
          gst_buffer_pool_acquire_buffer (raw->pool, outbuf,
              NULL)) != GST_FLOW_OK)
    goto out;

  {
    /* *INDENT-OFF* */
    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmd_buf_info = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT,
        .pInheritanceInfo = NULL
    };
    /* *INDENT-ON* */

    gst_vulkan_command_buffer_lock (cmd_buf);
    err = vkBeginCommandBuffer (cmd_buf->cmd, &cmd_buf_info);
    if (gst_vulkan_error_to_g_error (err, &error, "vkBeginCommandBuffer") < 0)
      goto unlock_error;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < GST_VIDEO_INFO_N_PLANES (&raw->out_info); i++) {
    VkBufferImageCopy region;
    GstMemory *in_mem, *out_mem;
    GstVulkanBufferMemory *buf_mem;
    GstVulkanImageMemory *img_mem;
    VkImageMemoryBarrier image_memory_barrier;
    VkBufferMemoryBarrier buffer_memory_barrier;

    in_mem = gst_buffer_peek_memory (inbuf, i);
    if (!gst_is_vulkan_buffer_memory (in_mem)) {
      GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Input is not a GstVulkanBufferMemory");
      goto unlock_error;
    }
    buf_mem = (GstVulkanBufferMemory *) in_mem;

    out_mem = gst_buffer_peek_memory (*outbuf, i);
    if (!gst_is_vulkan_image_memory (out_mem)) {
      GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Output is not a GstVulkanImageMemory");
      goto unlock_error;
    }
    img_mem = (GstVulkanImageMemory *) out_mem;

    /* *INDENT-OFF* */
    region = (VkBufferImageCopy) {
        .bufferOffset = 0,
        .bufferRowLength = GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_WIDTH (&raw->in_info, i),
        .bufferImageHeight = GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_HEIGHT (&raw->in_info, i),
        .imageSubresource = {
            .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
            .mipLevel = 0,
            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
            .layerCount = 1,
        },
        .imageOffset = { .x = 0, .y = 0, .z = 0, },
        .imageExtent = {
            .width = GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_WIDTH (&raw->out_info, i),
            .height = GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_HEIGHT (&raw->out_info, i),
            .depth = 1,
        }
    };

    image_memory_barrier = (VkImageMemoryBarrier) {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .srcAccessMask = img_mem->barrier.parent.access_flags,
        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
        .oldLayout = img_mem->barrier.image_layout,
        .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
        /* FIXME: implement exclusive transfers */
        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = 0,
        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = 0,
        .image = img_mem->image,
        .subresourceRange = img_mem->barrier.subresource_range
    };

    buffer_memory_barrier = (VkBufferMemoryBarrier) {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .srcAccessMask = buf_mem->barrier.parent.access_flags,
        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
        /* FIXME: implement exclusive transfers */
        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = 0,
        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = 0,
        .buffer = buf_mem->buffer,
        .offset = region.bufferOffset,
        .size = region.bufferRowLength * region.bufferImageHeight
    };
    /* *INDENT-ON* */

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier (cmd_buf->cmd,
        buf_mem->barrier.parent.pipeline_stages | img_mem->barrier.
        parent.pipeline_stages, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, NULL, 1,
        &buffer_memory_barrier, 1, &image_memory_barrier);

    buf_mem->barrier.parent.pipeline_stages = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
    buf_mem->barrier.parent.access_flags = buffer_memory_barrier.dstAccessMask;

    img_mem->barrier.parent.pipeline_stages = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
    img_mem->barrier.parent.access_flags = image_memory_barrier.dstAccessMask;
    img_mem->barrier.image_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;

    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage (cmd_buf->cmd, buf_mem->buffer, img_mem->image,
        img_mem->barrier.image_layout, 1, &region);
  }

  err = vkEndCommandBuffer (cmd_buf->cmd);
  gst_vulkan_command_buffer_unlock (cmd_buf);
  if (gst_vulkan_error_to_g_error (err, &error, "vkEndCommandBuffer") < 0)
    goto error;

  {
    VkSubmitInfo submit_info = { 0, };
    VkPipelineStageFlags stages = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
    GstVulkanFence *fence;

    /* *INDENT-OFF* */
    submit_info = (VkSubmitInfo) {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .waitSemaphoreCount = 0,
        .pWaitSemaphores = NULL,
        .pWaitDstStageMask = &stages,
        .commandBufferCount = 1,
        .pCommandBuffers = &cmd_buf->cmd,
        .signalSemaphoreCount = 0,
        .pSignalSemaphores = NULL
    };
    /* *INDENT-ON* */

    fence = gst_vulkan_device_create_fence (raw->upload->device, &error);
    if (!fence)
      goto error;

    err =
        vkQueueSubmit (raw->upload->queue->queue, 1, &submit_info,
        GST_VULKAN_FENCE_FENCE (fence));
    if (gst_vulkan_error_to_g_error (err, &error, "vkQueueSubmit") < 0)
      goto error;

    gst_vulkan_trash_list_add (raw->trash_list,
        gst_vulkan_trash_list_acquire (raw->trash_list, fence,
            gst_vulkan_trash_mini_object_unref,
            GST_MINI_OBJECT_CAST (cmd_buf)));
    gst_vulkan_fence_unref (fence);
  }

  gst_vulkan_trash_list_gc (raw->trash_list);

  ret = GST_FLOW_OK;

out:
  return ret;

unlock_error:
  if (cmd_buf) {
    gst_vulkan_command_buffer_unlock (cmd_buf);
    gst_vulkan_command_buffer_unref (cmd_buf);
  }
error:
  if (error) {
    GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Error: %s", error->message);
    g_clear_error (&error);
  }
  gst_clear_buffer (outbuf);
  ret = GST_FLOW_ERROR;
  goto out;
}

static void
_buffer_to_image_free (gpointer impl)
{
  struct BufferToImageUpload *raw = impl;

  if (raw->pool) {
    if (raw->pool_active) {
      gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->pool, FALSE);
    }
    raw->pool_active = FALSE;
    gst_object_unref (raw->pool);
    raw->pool = NULL;
  }

  if (raw->cmd_pool)
    gst_object_unref (raw->cmd_pool);
  raw->cmd_pool = NULL;

  if (!gst_vulkan_trash_list_wait (raw->trash_list, -1))
    GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload,
        "Failed to wait for all fences to complete " "before shutting down");
  gst_object_unref (raw->trash_list);
  raw->trash_list = NULL;

  g_free (impl);
}

static GstStaticCaps _buffer_to_image_in_templ =
GST_STATIC_CAPS ("video/x-raw(" GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_BUFFER ")");
static GstStaticCaps _buffer_to_image_out_templ =
GST_STATIC_CAPS ("video/x-raw(" GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_IMAGE ")");

static const struct UploadMethod buffer_to_image_upload = {
  "BufferToVulkanImage",
  &_buffer_to_image_in_templ,
  &_buffer_to_image_out_templ,
  _buffer_to_image_new_impl,
  _buffer_to_image_transform_caps,
  _buffer_to_image_set_caps,
  _buffer_to_image_propose_allocation,
  _buffer_to_image_perform,
  _buffer_to_image_free,
};

struct RawToImageUpload
{
  GstVulkanUpload *upload;

  GstVideoInfo in_info;
  GstVideoInfo out_info;

  GstBufferPool *pool;
  gboolean pool_active;

  GstBufferPool *in_pool;
  gboolean in_pool_active;

  GstVulkanCommandPool *cmd_pool;
  GstVulkanTrashList *trash_list;
};

static gpointer
_raw_to_image_new_impl (GstVulkanUpload * upload)
{
  struct RawToImageUpload *raw = g_new0 (struct RawToImageUpload, 1);

  raw->upload = upload;
  raw->trash_list = gst_vulkan_trash_fence_list_new ();

  return raw;
}

static GstCaps *
_raw_to_image_transform_caps (gpointer impl, GstPadDirection direction,
    GstCaps * caps)
{
  GstCaps *ret;

  if (direction == GST_PAD_SINK) {
    ret =
        _set_caps_features_with_passthrough (caps,
        GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_IMAGE, NULL);
  } else {
    ret =
        _set_caps_features_with_passthrough (caps,
        GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_SYSTEM_MEMORY, NULL);
  }

  return ret;
}

static gboolean
_raw_to_image_set_caps (gpointer impl, GstCaps * in_caps, GstCaps * out_caps)
{
  struct RawToImageUpload *raw = impl;

  if (!gst_video_info_from_caps (&raw->in_info, in_caps))
    return FALSE;

  if (!gst_video_info_from_caps (&raw->out_info, out_caps))
    return FALSE;

  if (raw->in_pool) {
    if (raw->in_pool_active) {
      gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->in_pool, FALSE);
    }
    raw->in_pool_active = FALSE;
    gst_object_unref (raw->in_pool);
    raw->in_pool = NULL;
  }

  return TRUE;
}

static void
_raw_to_image_propose_allocation (gpointer impl, GstQuery * decide_query,
    GstQuery * query)
{
  /* a little trickery with the impl pointer */
  _buffer_propose_allocation (impl, decide_query, query);
}

static GstFlowReturn
_raw_to_image_perform (gpointer impl, GstBuffer * inbuf, GstBuffer ** outbuf)
{
  struct RawToImageUpload *raw = impl;
  GstFlowReturn ret;
  GstBuffer *in_vk_copy = NULL;
  GstVulkanCommandBuffer *cmd_buf;
  GError *error = NULL;
  VkResult err;
  guint i;

  if (!raw->cmd_pool) {
    if (!(raw->cmd_pool =
            gst_vulkan_queue_create_command_pool (raw->upload->queue,
                &error))) {
      goto error;
    }
  }

  if (!(cmd_buf = gst_vulkan_command_pool_create (raw->cmd_pool, &error)))
    goto error;

  if (!raw->pool) {
    GstStructure *config;
    guint min = 0, max = 0;
    gsize size = 1;

    raw->pool = gst_vulkan_image_buffer_pool_new (raw->upload->device);
    config = gst_buffer_pool_get_config (raw->pool);
    gst_buffer_pool_config_set_params (config, raw->upload->out_caps, size, min,
        max);
    gst_buffer_pool_set_config (raw->pool, config);
  }
  if (!raw->pool_active) {
    gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->pool, TRUE);
    raw->pool_active = TRUE;
  }

  if ((ret =
          gst_buffer_pool_acquire_buffer (raw->pool, outbuf,
              NULL)) != GST_FLOW_OK)
    goto out;

  {
    /* *INDENT-OFF* */
    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmd_buf_info = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT,
        .pInheritanceInfo = NULL
    };
    /* *INDENT-ON* */

    gst_vulkan_command_buffer_lock (cmd_buf);
    err = vkBeginCommandBuffer (cmd_buf->cmd, &cmd_buf_info);
    if (gst_vulkan_error_to_g_error (err, &error, "vkBeginCommandBuffer") < 0)
      return FALSE;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < GST_VIDEO_INFO_N_PLANES (&raw->out_info); i++) {
    VkBufferImageCopy region;
    GstMemory *in_mem, *out_mem;
    GstVulkanBufferMemory *buf_mem;
    GstVulkanImageMemory *img_mem;
    VkImageMemoryBarrier image_memory_barrier;
    VkBufferMemoryBarrier buffer_memory_barrier;

    in_mem = gst_buffer_peek_memory (inbuf, i);
    if (gst_is_vulkan_buffer_memory (in_mem)) {
      GST_TRACE_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Input is a GstVulkanBufferMemory");
      buf_mem = (GstVulkanBufferMemory *) in_mem;
    } else if (in_vk_copy) {
      GST_TRACE_OBJECT (raw->upload,
          "Have buffer copy of GstVulkanBufferMemory");
      in_mem = gst_buffer_peek_memory (in_vk_copy, i);
      g_assert (gst_is_vulkan_buffer_memory (in_mem));
      buf_mem = (GstVulkanBufferMemory *) in_mem;
    } else {
      GstVideoFrame in_frame, out_frame;

      GST_TRACE_OBJECT (raw->upload,
          "Copying input to a new GstVulkanBufferMemory");
      if (!raw->in_pool) {
        GstStructure *config;
        guint min = 0, max = 0;
        gsize size = 1;

        raw->in_pool = gst_vulkan_buffer_pool_new (raw->upload->device);
        config = gst_buffer_pool_get_config (raw->in_pool);
        gst_buffer_pool_config_set_params (config, raw->upload->in_caps, size,
            min, max);
        gst_buffer_pool_set_config (raw->in_pool, config);
      }
      if (!raw->in_pool_active) {
        gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->in_pool, TRUE);
        raw->in_pool_active = TRUE;
      }

      if ((ret =
              gst_buffer_pool_acquire_buffer (raw->in_pool, &in_vk_copy,
                  NULL)) != GST_FLOW_OK) {
        goto unlock_error;
      }

      if (!gst_video_frame_map (&in_frame, &raw->in_info, inbuf, GST_MAP_READ)) {
        GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Failed to map input buffer");
        goto unlock_error;
      }

      if (!gst_video_frame_map (&out_frame, &raw->in_info, in_vk_copy,
              GST_MAP_WRITE)) {
        gst_video_frame_unmap (&in_frame);
        GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Failed to map input buffer");
        goto unlock_error;
      }

      if (!gst_video_frame_copy (&out_frame, &in_frame)) {
        gst_video_frame_unmap (&in_frame);
        gst_video_frame_unmap (&out_frame);
        GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Failed to copy input buffer");
        goto unlock_error;
      }

      gst_video_frame_unmap (&in_frame);
      gst_video_frame_unmap (&out_frame);

      in_mem = gst_buffer_peek_memory (in_vk_copy, i);
      buf_mem = (GstVulkanBufferMemory *) in_mem;
    }

    out_mem = gst_buffer_peek_memory (*outbuf, i);
    if (!gst_is_vulkan_image_memory (out_mem)) {
      GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Output is not a GstVulkanImageMemory");
      goto unlock_error;
    }
    img_mem = (GstVulkanImageMemory *) out_mem;

    /* *INDENT-OFF* */
    region = (VkBufferImageCopy) {
        .bufferOffset = 0,
        .bufferRowLength = GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_WIDTH (&raw->in_info, i),
        .bufferImageHeight = GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_HEIGHT (&raw->in_info, i),
        .imageSubresource = {
            .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
            .mipLevel = 0,
            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
            .layerCount = 1,
        },
        .imageOffset = { .x = 0, .y = 0, .z = 0, },
        .imageExtent = {
            .width = GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_WIDTH (&raw->out_info, i),
            .height = GST_VIDEO_INFO_COMP_HEIGHT (&raw->out_info, i),
            .depth = 1,
        }
    };

    buffer_memory_barrier = (VkBufferMemoryBarrier) {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .srcAccessMask = buf_mem->barrier.parent.access_flags,
        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
        /* FIXME: implement exclusive transfers */
        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = 0,
        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = 0,
        .buffer = buf_mem->buffer,
        .offset = region.bufferOffset,
        .size = region.bufferRowLength * region.bufferImageHeight,
    };

    image_memory_barrier = (VkImageMemoryBarrier) {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .srcAccessMask = img_mem->barrier.parent.access_flags,
        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
        .oldLayout = img_mem->barrier.image_layout,
        .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
        /* FIXME: implement exclusive transfers */
        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = 0,
        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = 0,
        .image = img_mem->image,
        .subresourceRange = img_mem->barrier.subresource_range,
    };
    /* *INDENT-ON* */

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier (cmd_buf->cmd,
        buf_mem->barrier.parent.pipeline_stages | img_mem->barrier.
        parent.pipeline_stages, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, NULL, 1,
        &buffer_memory_barrier, 1, &image_memory_barrier);

    buf_mem->barrier.parent.pipeline_stages = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
    buf_mem->barrier.parent.access_flags = buffer_memory_barrier.dstAccessMask;

    img_mem->barrier.parent.pipeline_stages = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
    img_mem->barrier.parent.access_flags = image_memory_barrier.dstAccessMask;
    img_mem->barrier.image_layout = image_memory_barrier.newLayout;

    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage (cmd_buf->cmd, buf_mem->buffer, img_mem->image,
        img_mem->barrier.image_layout, 1, &region);
  }

  err = vkEndCommandBuffer (cmd_buf->cmd);
  gst_vulkan_command_buffer_unlock (cmd_buf);
  if (gst_vulkan_error_to_g_error (err, &error, "vkEndCommandBuffer") < 0) {
    goto error;
  }

  {
    VkSubmitInfo submit_info = { 0, };
    GstVulkanFence *fence;

    /* *INDENT-OFF* */
    submit_info = (VkSubmitInfo) {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .waitSemaphoreCount = 0,
        .pWaitSemaphores = NULL,
        .pWaitDstStageMask = NULL,
        .commandBufferCount = 1,
        .pCommandBuffers = &cmd_buf->cmd,
        .signalSemaphoreCount = 0,
        .pSignalSemaphores = NULL,
    };
    /* *INDENT-ON* */

    fence = gst_vulkan_device_create_fence (raw->upload->device, &error);
    if (!fence)
      goto error;

    gst_vulkan_queue_submit_lock (raw->upload->queue);
    err =
        vkQueueSubmit (raw->upload->queue->queue, 1, &submit_info,
        GST_VULKAN_FENCE_FENCE (fence));
    gst_vulkan_queue_submit_unlock (raw->upload->queue);
    if (gst_vulkan_error_to_g_error (err, &error, "vkQueueSubmit") < 0)
      goto error;

    gst_vulkan_trash_list_add (raw->trash_list,
        gst_vulkan_trash_list_acquire (raw->trash_list, fence,
            gst_vulkan_trash_mini_object_unref,
            GST_MINI_OBJECT_CAST (cmd_buf)));
    gst_vulkan_fence_unref (fence);
  }

  gst_vulkan_trash_list_gc (raw->trash_list);

  ret = GST_FLOW_OK;

out:
  if (in_vk_copy)
    gst_buffer_unref (in_vk_copy);

  return ret;

unlock_error:
  if (cmd_buf) {
    gst_vulkan_command_buffer_lock (cmd_buf);
    gst_vulkan_command_buffer_unref (cmd_buf);
  }
error:
  if (error) {
    GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload, "Error: %s", error->message);
    g_clear_error (&error);
  }
  gst_clear_buffer (outbuf);
  ret = GST_FLOW_ERROR;
  goto out;
}

static void
_raw_to_image_free (gpointer impl)
{
  struct RawToImageUpload *raw = impl;

  if (raw->pool) {
    if (raw->pool_active) {
      gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->pool, FALSE);
    }
    raw->pool_active = FALSE;
    gst_object_unref (raw->pool);
    raw->pool = NULL;
  }

  if (raw->in_pool) {
    if (raw->in_pool_active) {
      gst_buffer_pool_set_active (raw->in_pool, FALSE);
    }
    raw->in_pool_active = FALSE;
    gst_object_unref (raw->in_pool);
    raw->in_pool = NULL;
  }

  if (raw->cmd_pool)
    gst_object_unref (raw->cmd_pool);
  raw->cmd_pool = NULL;

  if (!gst_vulkan_trash_list_wait (raw->trash_list, -1))
    GST_WARNING_OBJECT (raw->upload,
        "Failed to wait for all fences to complete " "before shutting down");
  gst_object_unref (raw->trash_list);
  raw->trash_list = NULL;

  g_free (impl);
}

static GstStaticCaps _raw_to_image_in_templ = GST_STATIC_CAPS ("video/x-raw");
static GstStaticCaps _raw_to_image_out_templ =
GST_STATIC_CAPS ("video/x-raw(" GST_CAPS_FEATURE_MEMORY_VULKAN_IMAGE ")");

static const struct UploadMethod raw_to_image_upload = {
  "RawToVulkanImage",
  &_raw_to_image_in_templ,
  &_raw_to_image_out_templ,
  _raw_to_image_new_impl,
  _raw_to_image_transform_caps,
  _raw_to_image_set_caps,
  _raw_to_image_propose_allocation,
  _raw_to_image_perform,
  _raw_to_image_free,
};

static const struct UploadMethod *upload_methods[] = {
  &buffer_upload,
  &raw_to_buffer_upload,
  &raw_to_image_upload,
  &buffer_to_image_upload,
};

static GstCaps *
_get_input_template_caps (void)
{
  GstCaps *ret = NULL;
  gint i;

  /* FIXME: cache this and invalidate on changes to upload_methods */
  for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (upload_methods); i++) {
    GstCaps *template = gst_static_caps_get (upload_methods[i]->in_template);
    ret = ret == NULL ? template : gst_caps_merge (ret, template);
  }

  ret = gst_caps_simplify (ret);

  return ret;
}

static GstCaps *
_get_output_template_caps (void)
{
  GstCaps *ret = NULL;
  gint i;

  /* FIXME: cache this and invalidate on changes to upload_methods */
  for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (upload_methods); i++) {
    GstCaps *template = gst_static_caps_get (upload_methods[i]->out_template);
    ret = ret == NULL ? template : gst_caps_merge (ret, template);
  }

  ret = gst_caps_simplify (ret);

  return ret;
}

static void gst_vulkan_upload_finalize (GObject * object);
static void gst_vulkan_upload_set_property (GObject * object, guint prop_id,
    const GValue * value, GParamSpec * param_spec);
static void gst_vulkan_upload_get_property (GObject * object, guint prop_id,
    GValue * value, GParamSpec * param_spec);

static gboolean gst_vulkan_upload_query (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstPadDirection direction, GstQuery * query);
static void gst_vulkan_upload_set_context (GstElement * element,
    GstContext * context);
static GstStateChangeReturn gst_vulkan_upload_change_state (GstElement *
    element, GstStateChange transition);

static gboolean gst_vulkan_upload_set_caps (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstCaps * in_caps, GstCaps * out_caps);
static GstCaps *gst_vulkan_upload_transform_caps (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstPadDirection direction, GstCaps * caps, GstCaps * filter);
static gboolean gst_vulkan_upload_propose_allocation (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstQuery * decide_query, GstQuery * query);
static gboolean gst_vulkan_upload_decide_allocation (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstQuery * query);
static GstFlowReturn gst_vulkan_upload_transform (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstBuffer * inbuf, GstBuffer * outbuf);
static GstFlowReturn gst_vulkan_upload_prepare_output_buffer (GstBaseTransform *
    bt, GstBuffer * inbuf, GstBuffer ** outbuf);

enum
{
  PROP_0,
};

enum
{
  SIGNAL_0,
  LAST_SIGNAL
};

/* static guint gst_vulkan_upload_signals[LAST_SIGNAL] = { 0 }; */

#define gst_vulkan_upload_parent_class parent_class
G_DEFINE_TYPE_WITH_CODE (GstVulkanUpload, gst_vulkan_upload,
    GST_TYPE_BASE_TRANSFORM, GST_DEBUG_CATEGORY_INIT (gst_debug_vulkan_upload,
        "vulkanupload", 0, "Vulkan Uploader"));
GST_ELEMENT_REGISTER_DEFINE_WITH_CODE (vulkanupload, "vulkanupload",
    GST_RANK_NONE, GST_TYPE_VULKAN_UPLOAD, vulkan_element_init (plugin));

static void
gst_vulkan_upload_class_init (GstVulkanUploadClass * klass)
{
  GObjectClass *gobject_class;
  GstElementClass *gstelement_class;
  GstBaseTransformClass *gstbasetransform_class;

  gobject_class = (GObjectClass *) klass;
  gstelement_class = (GstElementClass *) klass;
  gstbasetransform_class = (GstBaseTransformClass *) klass;

  gobject_class->set_property = gst_vulkan_upload_set_property;
  gobject_class->get_property = gst_vulkan_upload_get_property;

  gst_element_class_set_metadata (gstelement_class, "Vulkan Uploader",
      "Filter/Video", "A Vulkan data uploader",
      "Matthew Waters <matthew@centricular.com>");

  {
    GstCaps *caps;

    caps = _get_input_template_caps ();
    gst_element_class_add_pad_template (gstelement_class,
        gst_pad_template_new ("sink", GST_PAD_SINK, GST_PAD_ALWAYS, caps));
    gst_caps_unref (caps);

    caps = _get_output_template_caps ();
    gst_element_class_add_pad_template (gstelement_class,
        gst_pad_template_new ("src", GST_PAD_SRC, GST_PAD_ALWAYS, caps));
    gst_caps_unref (caps);
  }

  gobject_class->finalize = gst_vulkan_upload_finalize;

  gstelement_class->change_state = gst_vulkan_upload_change_state;
  gstelement_class->set_context = gst_vulkan_upload_set_context;
  gstbasetransform_class->query = GST_DEBUG_FUNCPTR (gst_vulkan_upload_query);
  gstbasetransform_class->set_caps = gst_vulkan_upload_set_caps;
  gstbasetransform_class->transform_caps = gst_vulkan_upload_transform_caps;
  gstbasetransform_class->propose_allocation =
      gst_vulkan_upload_propose_allocation;
  gstbasetransform_class->decide_allocation =
      gst_vulkan_upload_decide_allocation;
  gstbasetransform_class->transform = gst_vulkan_upload_transform;
  gstbasetransform_class->prepare_output_buffer =
      gst_vulkan_upload_prepare_output_buffer;
}

static void
gst_vulkan_upload_init (GstVulkanUpload * vk_upload)
{
  guint i, n;

  n = G_N_ELEMENTS (upload_methods);
  vk_upload->upload_impls = g_malloc (sizeof (gpointer) * n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    vk_upload->upload_impls[i] = upload_methods[i]->new_impl (vk_upload);
  }
}

static void
gst_vulkan_upload_finalize (GObject * object)
{
  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (object);
  guint i;

  gst_caps_replace (&vk_upload->in_caps, NULL);
  gst_caps_replace (&vk_upload->out_caps, NULL);

  for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (upload_methods); i++) {
    upload_methods[i]->free (vk_upload->upload_impls[i]);
  }
  g_free (vk_upload->upload_impls);
  vk_upload->upload_impls = NULL;

  G_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->finalize (object);
}

static void
gst_vulkan_upload_set_property (GObject * object, guint prop_id,
    const GValue * value, GParamSpec * pspec)
{
//  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (object);

  switch (prop_id) {
    default:
      G_OBJECT_WARN_INVALID_PROPERTY_ID (object, prop_id, pspec);
      break;
  }
}

static void
gst_vulkan_upload_get_property (GObject * object, guint prop_id,
    GValue * value, GParamSpec * pspec)
{
//  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (object);

  switch (prop_id) {
    default:
      G_OBJECT_WARN_INVALID_PROPERTY_ID (object, prop_id, pspec);
      break;
  }
}

static gboolean
gst_vulkan_upload_query (GstBaseTransform * bt, GstPadDirection direction,
    GstQuery * query)
{
  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (bt);

  switch (GST_QUERY_TYPE (query)) {
    case GST_QUERY_CONTEXT:{
      if (gst_vulkan_handle_context_query (GST_ELEMENT (vk_upload), query,
              NULL, vk_upload->instance, vk_upload->device))
        return TRUE;

      if (gst_vulkan_queue_handle_context_query (GST_ELEMENT (vk_upload), query,
              vk_upload->queue))
        return TRUE;

      break;
    }
    default:
      break;
  }

  return GST_BASE_TRANSFORM_CLASS (parent_class)->query (bt, direction, query);
}

static void
gst_vulkan_upload_set_context (GstElement * element, GstContext * context)
{
  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (element);

  gst_vulkan_handle_set_context (element, context, NULL, &vk_upload->instance);

  GST_ELEMENT_CLASS (parent_class)->set_context (element, context);
}

struct choose_data
{
  GstVulkanUpload *upload;
  GstVulkanQueue *queue;
};

static gboolean
_choose_queue (GstVulkanDevice * device, GstVulkanQueue * queue,
    struct choose_data *data)
{
  guint flags =
      device->physical_device->queue_family_props[queue->family].queueFlags;

  if ((flags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) != 0) {
    if (data->queue)
      gst_object_unref (data->queue);
    data->queue = gst_object_ref (queue);
    return FALSE;
  }

  return TRUE;
}

static GstVulkanQueue *
_find_graphics_queue (GstVulkanUpload * upload)
{
  struct choose_data data;

  data.upload = upload;
  data.queue = NULL;

  gst_vulkan_device_foreach_queue (upload->device,
      (GstVulkanDeviceForEachQueueFunc) _choose_queue, &data);

  return data.queue;
}

static GstStateChangeReturn
gst_vulkan_upload_change_state (GstElement * element, GstStateChange transition)
{
  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (element);
  GstStateChangeReturn ret = GST_STATE_CHANGE_SUCCESS;

  GST_DEBUG ("changing state: %s => %s",
      gst_element_state_get_name (GST_STATE_TRANSITION_CURRENT (transition)),
      gst_element_state_get_name (GST_STATE_TRANSITION_NEXT (transition)));

  switch (transition) {
    case GST_STATE_CHANGE_NULL_TO_READY:
      break;
    case GST_STATE_CHANGE_READY_TO_PAUSED:
      if (!gst_vulkan_ensure_element_data (element, NULL, &vk_upload->instance)) {
        GST_ELEMENT_ERROR (vk_upload, RESOURCE, NOT_FOUND,
            ("Failed to retrieve vulkan instance"), (NULL));
        return GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE;
      }
      if (!gst_vulkan_device_run_context_query (GST_ELEMENT (vk_upload),
              &vk_upload->device)) {
        GError *error = NULL;
        GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (vk_upload, "No device retrieved from peer elements");
        if (!(vk_upload->device =
                gst_vulkan_instance_create_device (vk_upload->instance,
                    &error))) {
          GST_ELEMENT_ERROR (vk_upload, RESOURCE, NOT_FOUND,
              ("Failed to create vulkan device"), ("%s",
                  error ? error->message : ""));
          g_clear_error (&error);
          return GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE;
        }
      }

      if (!gst_vulkan_queue_run_context_query (GST_ELEMENT (vk_upload),
              &vk_upload->queue)) {
        GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (vk_upload, "No queue retrieved from peer elements");
        vk_upload->queue = _find_graphics_queue (vk_upload);
      }
      if (!vk_upload->queue) {
        GST_ELEMENT_ERROR (vk_upload, RESOURCE, NOT_FOUND,
            ("Failed to create/retrieve vulkan queue"), (NULL));
        return GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE;
      }
      break;
    case GST_STATE_CHANGE_PAUSED_TO_PLAYING:
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }

  ret = GST_ELEMENT_CLASS (parent_class)->change_state (element, transition);
  if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE)
    return ret;

  switch (transition) {
    case GST_STATE_CHANGE_PLAYING_TO_PAUSED:
      break;
    case GST_STATE_CHANGE_PAUSED_TO_READY:
      if (vk_upload->queue)
        gst_object_unref (vk_upload->queue);
      vk_upload->queue = NULL;
      if (vk_upload->device)
        gst_object_unref (vk_upload->device);
      vk_upload->device = NULL;
      if (vk_upload->instance)
        gst_object_unref (vk_upload->instance);
      vk_upload->instance = NULL;
      break;
    case GST_STATE_CHANGE_READY_TO_NULL:
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }

  return ret;
}

static GstCaps *
gst_vulkan_upload_transform_caps (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstPadDirection direction, GstCaps * caps, GstCaps * filter)
{
  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (bt);
  GstCaps *result, *tmp;
  gint i;

  tmp = gst_caps_new_empty ();

  for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (upload_methods); i++) {
    GstCaps *tmp2;
    GstCaps *templ;

    if (direction == GST_PAD_SINK) {
      templ = gst_static_caps_get (upload_methods[i]->in_template);
    } else {
      templ = gst_static_caps_get (upload_methods[i]->out_template);
    }
    if (!gst_caps_can_intersect (caps, templ)) {
      gst_caps_unref (templ);
      continue;
    }
    gst_caps_unref (templ);

    tmp2 = upload_methods[i]->transform_caps (vk_upload->upload_impls[i],
        direction, caps);

    if (tmp2)
      tmp = gst_caps_merge (tmp, tmp2);
  }

  if (filter) {
    result = gst_caps_intersect_full (filter, tmp, GST_CAPS_INTERSECT_FIRST);
    gst_caps_unref (tmp);
  } else {
    result = tmp;
  }

  return result;
}

static gboolean
gst_vulkan_upload_set_caps (GstBaseTransform * bt, GstCaps * in_caps,
    GstCaps * out_caps)
{
  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (bt);
  gboolean found_method = FALSE;
  guint i;

  gst_caps_replace (&vk_upload->in_caps, in_caps);
  gst_caps_replace (&vk_upload->out_caps, out_caps);

  for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (upload_methods); i++) {
    GstCaps *templ;

    templ = gst_static_caps_get (upload_methods[i]->in_template);
    if (!gst_caps_can_intersect (in_caps, templ)) {
      gst_caps_unref (templ);
      continue;
    }
    gst_caps_unref (templ);

    templ = gst_static_caps_get (upload_methods[i]->out_template);
    if (!gst_caps_can_intersect (out_caps, templ)) {
      gst_caps_unref (templ);
      continue;
    }
    gst_caps_unref (templ);

    if (!upload_methods[i]->set_caps (vk_upload->upload_impls[i], in_caps,
            out_caps))
      continue;

    GST_LOG_OBJECT (bt, "uploader %s accepted caps in: %" GST_PTR_FORMAT
        " out: %" GST_PTR_FORMAT, upload_methods[i]->name, in_caps, out_caps);

    vk_upload->current_impl = i;
    found_method = TRUE;
    break;
  }

  GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (bt,
      "set caps in: %" GST_PTR_FORMAT " out: %" GST_PTR_FORMAT, in_caps,
      out_caps);

  return found_method;
}

static gboolean
gst_vulkan_upload_propose_allocation (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstQuery * decide_query, GstQuery * query)
{
  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (bt);
  guint i;

  for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (upload_methods); i++) {
    GstCaps *templ;

    templ = gst_static_caps_get (upload_methods[i]->in_template);
    if (!gst_caps_can_intersect (vk_upload->in_caps, templ)) {
      gst_caps_unref (templ);
      continue;
    }
    gst_caps_unref (templ);

    templ = gst_static_caps_get (upload_methods[i]->out_template);
    if (!gst_caps_can_intersect (vk_upload->out_caps, templ)) {
      gst_caps_unref (templ);
      continue;
    }
    gst_caps_unref (templ);

    upload_methods[i]->propose_allocation (vk_upload->upload_impls[i],
        decide_query, query);
  }

  return TRUE;
}

static gboolean
gst_vulkan_upload_decide_allocation (GstBaseTransform * bt, GstQuery * query)
{
  return TRUE;
}

static gboolean
_upload_find_method (GstVulkanUpload * vk_upload)
{
  vk_upload->current_impl++;

  if (vk_upload->current_impl >= G_N_ELEMENTS (upload_methods))
    return FALSE;

  GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (vk_upload, "attempting upload with uploader %s",
      upload_methods[vk_upload->current_impl]->name);

  return TRUE;
}

static GstFlowReturn
gst_vulkan_upload_prepare_output_buffer (GstBaseTransform * bt,
    GstBuffer * inbuf, GstBuffer ** outbuf)
{
  GstBaseTransformClass *bclass = GST_BASE_TRANSFORM_GET_CLASS (bt);
  GstVulkanUpload *vk_upload = GST_VULKAN_UPLOAD (bt);
  GstFlowReturn ret;

restart:
  {
    gpointer method_impl;
    const struct UploadMethod *method;

    method = upload_methods[vk_upload->current_impl];
    method_impl = vk_upload->upload_impls[vk_upload->current_impl];

    ret = method->perform (method_impl, inbuf, outbuf);
    if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK) {
    next_method:
      if (!_upload_find_method (vk_upload)) {
        GST_ELEMENT_ERROR (bt, RESOURCE, NOT_FOUND,
            ("Could not find suitable uploader"), (NULL));
        return GST_FLOW_ERROR;
      }

      method = upload_methods[vk_upload->current_impl];
      method_impl = vk_upload->upload_impls[vk_upload->current_impl];
      if (!method->set_caps (method_impl, vk_upload->in_caps,
              vk_upload->out_caps))
        /* try the next method */
        goto next_method;

      /* try the uploading with the next method */
      goto restart;
    }
  }

  if (ret == GST_FLOW_OK) {
    /* basetransform doesn't unref if they're the same */
    if (inbuf != *outbuf)
      bclass->copy_metadata (bt, inbuf, *outbuf);
  }

  return ret;
}

static GstFlowReturn
gst_vulkan_upload_transform (GstBaseTransform * bt, GstBuffer * inbuf,
    GstBuffer * outbuf)
{
  return GST_FLOW_OK;
}