gstreamer/ext/alsa/gstalsa.c

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2001 CodeFactory AB
 * Copyright (C) 2001 Thomas Nyberg <thomas@codefactory.se>
 * Copyright (C) 2001-2002 Andy Wingo <apwingo@eos.ncsu.edu>
 * Copyright (C) 2003 Benjamin Otte <in7y118@public.uni-hamburg.de>
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free
 * Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
 */

#include <sys/time.h>
#include "gstalsa.h"

/* error checking for standard alsa functions */
#define SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK(value) G_STMT_START{ \
  int err = (value); \
  if (err < 0) { \
    return FALSE; \
  } \
}G_STMT_END
#ifdef G_HAVE_ISO_VARARGS
#define ERROR_CHECK(value, ...) G_STMT_START{ \
  int err = (value); \
  if (err < 0) { \
    g_warning ( __VA_ARGS__, snd_strerror (err)); \
    return FALSE; \
  } \
}G_STMT_END
#elif defined(G_HAVE_GNUC_VARARGS)
#define ERROR_CHECK(value, args...) G_STMT_START{ \
  int err = (value); \
  if (err < 0) { \
    g_warning ( ## args, snd_strerror (err)); \
    return FALSE; \
  } \
}G_STMT_END
#else
#define ERROR_CHECK(value, args...) G_STMT_START{ \
  int err = (value); \
  if (err < 0) { \
    g_warning (snd_strerror (err)); \
    return FALSE; \
  } \
}G_STMT_END
#endif
/* elementfactory information */
static GstElementDetails gst_alsa_sink_details = {
  "Alsa Sink",
  "Sink/Audio",
  "LGPL",
  "Output to a sound card via ALSA",
  VERSION,
  "Thomas Nyberg <thomas@codefactory.se>, "
  "Andy Wingo <apwingo@eos.ncsu.edu>, "
  "Benjamin Otte <in7y118@public.uni-hamburg.de>",
  "(C) 2001-2003"
};

/* elementfactory information */
static GstElementDetails gst_alsa_src_details = {
  "Alsa Src",
  "Source/Audio",
  "LGPL",
  "Read from a sound card via ALSA",
  VERSION,
  "Thomas Nyberg <thomas@codefactory.se>, "
  "Andy Wingo <apwingo@eos.ncsu.edu>, "
  "Benjamin Otte <in7y118@public.uni-hamburg.de>",
  "(C) 2001-2003"
};

/* GObject functions */
static void			gst_alsa_class_init		(GstAlsaClass *		klass);
static void			gst_alsa_init			(GstAlsa *		this);
static void			gst_alsa_dispose		(GObject *		object);
static void			gst_alsa_set_property		(GObject *		object,
								 guint			prop_id,
								 const GValue *		value,
								 GParamSpec *		pspec);
static void			gst_alsa_get_property		(GObject *		object,
								 guint			prop_id,
								 GValue *		value,
								 GParamSpec *		pspec);

/* GstAlsaSink functions */
static GstPadTemplate *		gst_alsa_sink_pad_factory 	(void);
static GstPadTemplate *		gst_alsa_sink_request_pad_factory (void);
static void			gst_alsa_sink_class_init	(GstAlsaSinkClass *	klass);
static void			gst_alsa_sink_init		(GstAlsaSink *		this);
static inline void		gst_alsa_sink_flush_one_pad	(GstAlsaSink *		sink,
								 gint 			i);
static void			gst_alsa_sink_flush_pads	(GstAlsaSink *		sink);
static int			gst_alsa_sink_mmap		(GstAlsa *		this,
								 snd_pcm_sframes_t *	avail);
static int			gst_alsa_sink_write		(GstAlsa *		this,
								 snd_pcm_sframes_t *	avail);
static void			gst_alsa_sink_loop		(GstElement *		element);
static gboolean			gst_alsa_sink_check_event	(GstAlsaSink *		sink, 
								 gint			pad_nr);
static GstElementStateReturn	gst_alsa_sink_change_state	(GstElement *		element);

/* GstAlsaSrc functions */
static GstPadTemplate *		gst_alsa_src_pad_factory 	(void);
static GstPadTemplate *		gst_alsa_src_request_pad_factory (void);
static void			gst_alsa_src_class_init		(GstAlsaSrcClass *	klass);
static void			gst_alsa_src_init		(GstAlsaSrc *		this);
static int			gst_alsa_src_mmap		(GstAlsa *		this,
								 snd_pcm_sframes_t *	avail);
static int			gst_alsa_src_read		(GstAlsa *		this,
								 snd_pcm_sframes_t *	avail);
static void			gst_alsa_src_loop		(GstElement *		element);
static void			gst_alsa_src_flush		(GstAlsaSrc *		src);
static GstElementStateReturn	gst_alsa_src_change_state	(GstElement *		element);

/* GStreamer functions for pads, queries, conversions and state changing */
static GstPad *			gst_alsa_request_new_pad	(GstElement *		element, 
								 GstPadTemplate *	templ,
								 const gchar *		name);
static GstPadLinkReturn		gst_alsa_link 			(GstPad *		pad, 
								 GstCaps *		caps);
static GstCaps *		gst_alsa_get_caps		(GstPad *		pad,
								 GstCaps *		caps);
static GstCaps *		gst_alsa_caps			(snd_pcm_format_t	format,
								 gint			rate,
								 gint			channels);
static GstElementStateReturn	gst_alsa_change_state		(GstElement *		element);
static const GstFormat * 	gst_alsa_get_formats	 	(GstPad *		pad);
static gboolean 		gst_alsa_convert 		(GstAlsa *		this,
								 GstFormat		src_format, 
								 gint64			src_value,
	            						 GstFormat *		dest_format,
								 gint64 *		dest_value);
static gboolean 		gst_alsa_pad_convert 		(GstPad *		pad,
								 GstFormat		src_format, 
								 gint64			src_value,
	            						 GstFormat *		dest_format,
								 gint64 *		dest_value);
static const GstQueryType * 	gst_alsa_get_query_types 	(GstPad *		pad);
static gboolean 		gst_alsa_query_func 		(GstElement *		element,
								 GstQueryType		type, 
								 GstFormat *		format,
								 gint64 *		value);
static gboolean 		gst_alsa_query	 		(GstElement *		element,
								 GstQueryType		type, 
								 GstFormat *		format,
								 gint64 *		value);
static gboolean 		gst_alsa_pad_query 		(GstPad *		pad,
								 GstQueryType		type,
								 GstFormat *		format,
								 gint64 *		value);

/* audio processing functions */
static void			gst_alsa_xrun_recovery		(GstAlsa *		this);
inline static snd_pcm_sframes_t	gst_alsa_update_avail		(GstAlsa *		this);
inline static gboolean		gst_alsa_pcm_wait		(GstAlsa *		this);
inline static gboolean		gst_alsa_start			(GstAlsa *		this);

/* alsa setup / start / stop functions */
static void			gst_alsa_set_eos		(GstAlsa *		this);

static gboolean			gst_alsa_probe_hw_params	(GstAlsa *		this, 
								 GstAlsaFormat *	format);
static gboolean			gst_alsa_set_hw_params		(GstAlsa *		this);
static gboolean			gst_alsa_set_sw_params		(GstAlsa *		this);

static gboolean			gst_alsa_open_audio		(GstAlsa *		this);
static gboolean			gst_alsa_start_audio		(GstAlsa *		this);
static gboolean			gst_alsa_drain_audio		(GstAlsa *		this);
static gboolean 		gst_alsa_stop_audio		(GstAlsa *		this);
static gboolean 		gst_alsa_close_audio		(GstAlsa *		this);

/* clock functions */
static void	 		gst_alsa_clock_class_init 	(GstAlsaClockClass *	klass);
static void 			gst_alsa_clock_init 		(GstAlsaClock *		clock);
static GstAlsaClock *		gst_alsa_clock_new		(gchar *name, 
								 GstAlsaClockGetTimeFunc func,
								 GstAlsa* 		owner);

static void			gst_alsa_clock_start	 	(GstAlsaClock *		clock);
static void			gst_alsa_clock_stop	 	(GstAlsaClock *		clock);

static GstClockTime		gst_alsa_clock_get_internal_time (GstClock *		clock);
static guint64			gst_alsa_clock_get_resolution	(GstClock *		clock);
static GstClockEntryStatus	gst_alsa_clock_wait		(GstClock *		clock,
								 GstClockEntry *	entry);
static void			gst_alsa_clock_unlock		(GstClock *		clock, 
								 GstClockEntry *	entry);

static GstClockTime		gst_alsa_sink_get_time		(GstAlsa *		this);
static GstClockTime		gst_alsa_src_get_time		(GstAlsa *		this);
static GstClock *		gst_alsa_get_clock		(GstElement *		element);
static void			gst_alsa_set_clock		(GstElement *		element, 
								 GstClock *		clock);
static GstClockClass *		clock_parent_class = NULL;
/* static guint gst_alsa_clock_signals[LAST_SIGNAL] = { 0 }; */

/* format conversions */
static inline snd_pcm_uframes_t	gst_alsa_timestamp_to_samples 	(GstAlsa *		this, 
								 GstClockTime 		time);
static inline GstClockTime 	gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp 	(GstAlsa *		this, 
								 snd_pcm_uframes_t 	samples);
static inline snd_pcm_uframes_t	gst_alsa_bytes_to_samples 	(GstAlsa *		this, 
								 guint	 		bytes);
static inline guint	 	gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes 	(GstAlsa *		this, 
								 snd_pcm_uframes_t 	samples);
static inline GstClockTime	gst_alsa_bytes_to_timestamp 	(GstAlsa *		this, 
								 guint	 		bytes);
static inline guint	 	gst_alsa_timestamp_to_bytes 	(GstAlsa *		this, 
								 GstClockTime	 	time);

/*** TYPE FUNCTIONS ***********************************************************/

GType
gst_alsa_get_type (void)
{
  static GType alsa_type = 0;

  if (!alsa_type) {
    static const GTypeInfo alsa_info = {
      sizeof (GstAlsaClass),
      NULL,
      NULL,
      (GClassInitFunc) gst_alsa_class_init,
      NULL,
      NULL,
      sizeof (GstAlsa),
      0,
      (GInstanceInitFunc) gst_alsa_init,
    };

    alsa_type = g_type_register_static (GST_TYPE_ELEMENT, "GstAlsa", &alsa_info, 0);
  }
  return alsa_type;
}

/*** GOBJECT FUNCTIONS ********************************************************/

enum
{
  ARG_0,
  ARG_DEVICE,
  ARG_PERIODCOUNT,
  ARG_PERIODSIZE,
  ARG_BUFFERSIZE,
  ARG_AUTORECOVER,
  ARG_MMAP,
  ARG_MAXDISCONT
};

static GstElement *parent_class = NULL;

static void
gst_alsa_class_init (GstAlsaClass *klass)
{
  GObjectClass *object_class;
  GstElementClass *element_class;

  object_class = (GObjectClass *) klass;
  element_class = (GstElementClass *) klass;

  if (parent_class == NULL)
    parent_class = g_type_class_ref (GST_TYPE_ELEMENT);

  object_class->dispose = gst_alsa_dispose;
  object_class->get_property = gst_alsa_get_property;
  object_class->set_property = gst_alsa_set_property;

  g_object_class_install_property (G_OBJECT_CLASS (klass), ARG_DEVICE,
    g_param_spec_string ("device", "Device", "Alsa device, as defined in an asoundrc",
                         "default", G_PARAM_READWRITE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT));
  g_object_class_install_property (G_OBJECT_CLASS (klass), ARG_PERIODCOUNT,
    g_param_spec_int ("period-count", "Period count", "Number of hardware buffers to use",
                      2, 64, 2, G_PARAM_READWRITE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT));
  g_object_class_install_property (G_OBJECT_CLASS (klass), ARG_PERIODSIZE,
    g_param_spec_int ("period-size", "Period size", "Number of frames (samples on each channel) in one hardware period",
                      2, 8192, 8192, G_PARAM_READWRITE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT));
  g_object_class_install_property (G_OBJECT_CLASS (klass), ARG_BUFFERSIZE,
    g_param_spec_int ("buffer-size", "Buffer size", "Number of frames the hardware buffer can hold",
                      4, 65536, 16384, G_PARAM_READWRITE));
  g_object_class_install_property (G_OBJECT_CLASS (klass), ARG_AUTORECOVER,
    g_param_spec_boolean ("autorecover", "Automatic xrun recovery", "When TRUE tries to reduce processor load on xruns",
                          TRUE, G_PARAM_READWRITE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT));
  g_object_class_install_property (G_OBJECT_CLASS (klass), ARG_MMAP,
    g_param_spec_boolean ("mmap", "Use mmap'ed access", "Wether to use mmap (faster) or standard read/write (more compatible)",
                          TRUE, G_PARAM_READWRITE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT));
  g_object_class_install_property (G_OBJECT_CLASS (klass), ARG_MAXDISCONT,
    g_param_spec_uint64 ("max-discont", "Maximum Discontinuity", "GStreamer timeunits before the timestamp syncing starts dropping/insertting samples",
   /* rounding errors */ 1000, GST_SECOND, GST_ALSA_DEFAULT_DISCONT, G_PARAM_READWRITE | G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT));

  element_class->change_state    = GST_DEBUG_FUNCPTR (gst_alsa_change_state);
  element_class->query	 	 = GST_DEBUG_FUNCPTR (gst_alsa_query);
  element_class->request_new_pad = GST_DEBUG_FUNCPTR (gst_alsa_request_new_pad);
  element_class->set_clock 	 = GST_DEBUG_FUNCPTR (gst_alsa_set_clock);
  element_class->get_clock 	 = GST_DEBUG_FUNCPTR (gst_alsa_get_clock);
}

static void
gst_alsa_init (GstAlsa *this)
{
  GST_FLAG_SET (this, GST_ELEMENT_EVENT_AWARE);
  GST_FLAG_SET (this, GST_ELEMENT_THREAD_SUGGESTED);
}
static void
gst_alsa_dispose (GObject *object)
{
  GstAlsa *this = GST_ALSA (object);

  if (this->clock)
    gst_object_unparent (GST_OBJECT (this->clock));

  G_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->dispose (object);
}
static void
gst_alsa_set_property (GObject *object, guint prop_id, const GValue *value,
                       GParamSpec *pspec)
{
  GstAlsa *this;
  gint buffer_size;

  this = (GstAlsa *) object;
  switch (prop_id) {
  case ARG_DEVICE:
    if (this->device)
      g_free (this->device);
    this->device = g_strdup (g_value_get_string (value));
    break;
  case ARG_PERIODCOUNT:
    g_return_if_fail (!GST_FLAG_IS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_RUNNING));
    this->period_count = g_value_get_int (value);
    break;
  case ARG_PERIODSIZE:
    g_return_if_fail (!GST_FLAG_IS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_RUNNING));
    this->period_size = g_value_get_int (value);
    break;
  case ARG_BUFFERSIZE:
    g_return_if_fail (!GST_FLAG_IS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_RUNNING));
    buffer_size = g_value_get_int (value);
    this->period_count = buffer_size / this->period_size;
    break;
  case ARG_AUTORECOVER:
    this->autorecover = g_value_get_boolean (value);
    return;
  case ARG_MMAP:
    this->mmap = g_value_get_boolean (value);
    return;
  case ARG_MAXDISCONT:
    this->max_discont = (GstClockTime) g_value_get_uint64 (value);
    return;
  default:
    G_OBJECT_WARN_INVALID_PROPERTY_ID (object, prop_id, pspec);
    return;
  }

  if (GST_STATE (this) == GST_STATE_NULL)
    return;

  if (GST_FLAG_IS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_RUNNING)) {
    gst_alsa_stop_audio (this);
    gst_alsa_start_audio (this);
  }
}

static void
gst_alsa_get_property (GObject *object, guint prop_id, GValue *value,
                       GParamSpec *pspec)
{
  GstAlsa *this;

  this = (GstAlsa *) object;

  switch (prop_id) {
  case ARG_DEVICE:
    g_value_set_string (value, this->device);
    break;
  case ARG_PERIODCOUNT:
    g_value_set_int (value, this->period_count);
    break;
  case ARG_PERIODSIZE:
    g_value_set_int (value, this->period_size);
    break;
  case ARG_BUFFERSIZE:
    g_value_set_int (value, this->period_size * this->period_count);
    break;
  case ARG_AUTORECOVER:
    g_value_set_boolean (value, this->autorecover);
    break;
  case ARG_MMAP:
    g_value_set_boolean (value, this->mmap);
    break;
  case ARG_MAXDISCONT:
    g_value_set_uint64 (value, (guint64) this->max_discont);
    return;
  default:
    G_OBJECT_WARN_INVALID_PROPERTY_ID (object, prop_id, pspec);
    break;
  }
}


/*** GSTALSASINK FUNCTIONS ****************************************************/

static GstAlsa *sink_parent_class = NULL;

static GstPadTemplate *
gst_alsa_sink_pad_factory (void)
{
  static GstPadTemplate *template = NULL;

  if (!template)
    template = gst_pad_template_new ("sink", GST_PAD_SINK, GST_PAD_ALWAYS,
                                     gst_alsa_caps (SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, -1, -1),
                                     NULL);

  return template;
}
static GstPadTemplate *
gst_alsa_sink_request_pad_factory (void)
{
  static GstPadTemplate *template = NULL;

  if (!template)
    template =
      gst_pad_template_new ("sink%d", GST_PAD_SINK, GST_PAD_REQUEST,
                                     gst_alsa_caps (SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, -1, 1),
                            NULL);

  return template;
}
GType
gst_alsa_sink_get_type (void)
{
  static GType alsa_sink_type = 0;

  if (!alsa_sink_type) {
    static const GTypeInfo alsa_sink_info = {
      sizeof (GstAlsaSinkClass),
      NULL,
      NULL,
      (GClassInitFunc) gst_alsa_sink_class_init,
      NULL,
      NULL,
      sizeof (GstAlsaSink),
      0,
      (GInstanceInitFunc) gst_alsa_sink_init,
    };

    alsa_sink_type = g_type_register_static (GST_TYPE_ALSA, "GstAlsaSink", &alsa_sink_info, 0);
  }
  return alsa_sink_type;
}
static void
gst_alsa_sink_class_init (GstAlsaSinkClass *klass)
{
  GObjectClass *object_class;
  GstElementClass *element_class;
  GstAlsaClass *alsa_class;

  object_class = (GObjectClass *) klass;
  element_class = (GstElementClass *) klass;
  alsa_class = (GstAlsaClass *) klass;

  if (sink_parent_class == NULL)
    sink_parent_class = g_type_class_ref (GST_TYPE_ALSA);
  
  alsa_class->stream		= SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK;
  alsa_class->transmit_mmap	= gst_alsa_sink_mmap;
  alsa_class->transmit_rw	= gst_alsa_sink_write;

  element_class->change_state	= gst_alsa_sink_change_state;
}
static void
gst_alsa_sink_init (GstAlsaSink *sink)
{
  GstAlsa *this = GST_ALSA (sink);

  this->pad[0] = gst_pad_new_from_template (gst_alsa_sink_pad_factory (), "sink");
  gst_pad_set_link_function (this->pad[0], gst_alsa_link);
  gst_pad_set_getcaps_function (this->pad[0], gst_alsa_get_caps);
  gst_element_add_pad (GST_ELEMENT (this), this->pad[0]);
  
  this->clock = gst_alsa_clock_new ("alsasinkclock", gst_alsa_sink_get_time, this);
  /* we hold a ref to our clock until we're disposed */
  gst_object_ref (GST_OBJECT (this->clock));
  gst_object_sink (GST_OBJECT (this->clock));

  gst_element_set_loop_function (GST_ELEMENT (this), gst_alsa_sink_loop);
}

static inline void
gst_alsa_sink_flush_one_pad (GstAlsaSink *sink, gint i)
{
  switch (sink->behaviour[i]) {
  case 0:
    if (sink->buf[i])
      gst_data_unref (GST_DATA (sink->buf[i]));
    sink->buf[i] = NULL;  
    sink->data[i] = NULL;
    sink->behaviour[i] = 0;
    sink->size[i] = 0;
    break;
  case 1:
    g_free (sink->data[i]);
    sink->data[i] = NULL;
    sink->behaviour[i] = 0;
    sink->size[i] = 0;
    break;
  default:
    g_assert_not_reached ();
  }
}
static void
gst_alsa_sink_flush_pads (GstAlsaSink *sink)
{
  gint i;

  for (i = 0; i < GST_ELEMENT (sink)->numpads; i++) {
    /* flush twice to unref buffer when behaviour == 1 */
    gst_alsa_sink_flush_one_pad (sink, i);
    gst_alsa_sink_flush_one_pad (sink, i);
  }
}
/* TRUE, if everything should continue */
static gboolean
gst_alsa_sink_check_event (GstAlsaSink *sink, gint pad_nr)
{
  gboolean cont = TRUE;
  GstEvent *event = GST_EVENT (sink->buf[pad_nr]);
  GstAlsa *this = GST_ALSA (sink);

  if (event) {
    switch (GST_EVENT_TYPE (event)) {
      case GST_EVENT_EOS:
        gst_alsa_set_eos (this);
        cont = FALSE;
        break;
      case GST_EVENT_INTERRUPT:
	cont = FALSE;
        break;
      case GST_EVENT_NEW_MEDIA:
	/* only the first pad my seek */
	if (pad_nr != 0)
	  break;	    
	
	if (GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (this->clock->start_time)) { /* if the clock is running */
	  g_assert (this->format);
	  /* adjust the start time */
	  this->clock->start_time += gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp (this, this->transmitted);
	}
	this->transmitted = 0;
	/* FIXME: Notify the clock that we're at offset 0 again */
	break;
      case GST_EVENT_DISCONTINUOUS: 
	{
	  gint64 value;
	  
	  /* only the first pad my seek */
	  if (pad_nr != 0) {
	    break;	    
	  }
	  if (gst_event_discont_get_value (event, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &value)) {
	    if (!gst_clock_handle_discont (GST_ELEMENT (this)->clock, value))
	      g_printerr ("GstAlsa: clock couldn't handle discontinuity\n");
	  }
	  if (!gst_event_discont_get_value (event, GST_FORMAT_UNITS, &value)) {
	    if (!gst_event_discont_get_value (event, GST_FORMAT_BYTES, &value)) {
	      if (!gst_event_discont_get_value (event, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &value)) {
	        g_warning ("GstAlsa: Could not acquire samplecount after seek, the clock might screw your pipeline now");
	        break;
	      } else {
	        if (this->format) /* discont event before any data (and before any caps...) */
	          value = gst_alsa_timestamp_to_samples (this, value);
	      }
	    } else {
              if (this->format) /* discont event before any data (and before any caps...) */
	        value = gst_alsa_bytes_to_samples (this, value);
	    }
	  }
	  if (GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (this->clock->start_time)) { /* if the clock is running */
	    g_assert (this->format);
	    /* adjust the start time */
	    this->clock->start_time += gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp (this, this->transmitted) - 
	                               gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp (this, value);
	  }
	  this->transmitted = value;
	  break;
        }
      default:
        g_warning ("GstAlsa: got an unknown event (Type: %d)", GST_EVENT_TYPE (event));
        break;
    }
    gst_event_unref (event);
    sink->buf[pad_nr] = NULL;
  } else {
    /* the element at the top of the chain did not emit an event. */
    g_assert_not_reached ();
  }
  return cont;
}
static int
gst_alsa_sink_mmap (GstAlsa *this, snd_pcm_sframes_t *avail)
{
  snd_pcm_uframes_t offset;
  const snd_pcm_channel_area_t *dst;
  snd_pcm_channel_area_t *src;
  GstAlsaSink *sink = GST_ALSA_SINK (this);
  int i, err, width = snd_pcm_format_physical_width (this->format->format);

  /* areas points to the memory areas that belong to gstreamer. */
  src = calloc(this->format->channels, sizeof(snd_pcm_channel_area_t));

  if (((GstElement *) this)->numpads == 1) {
    /* interleaved */
    for (i = 0; i < this->format->channels; i++) {
      src[i].addr = sink->data[0];
      src[i].first = i * width;
      src[i].step = this->format->channels * width;
    }
  } else {
    /* noninterleaved */
    for (i = 0; i < this->format->channels; i++) {
      src[i].addr = sink->data[i];
      src[i].first = 0;
      src[i].step = width;
    }
  }

  if ((err = snd_pcm_mmap_begin (this->handle, &dst, &offset, avail)) < 0) {
    g_warning ("gstalsa: mmap failed: %s", snd_strerror (err));
    return -1;
  }

  if ((err = snd_pcm_areas_copy (dst, offset, src, 0, this->format->channels, *avail, this->format->format)) < 0) {
    snd_pcm_mmap_commit (this->handle, offset, 0);
    g_warning ("gstalsa: data copy failed: %s", snd_strerror (err));
    return -1;
  }
  if ((err = snd_pcm_mmap_commit (this->handle, offset, *avail)) < 0) {
    g_warning ("gstalsa: mmap commit failed: %s", snd_strerror (err));
    return -1;
  }

  return err;
}
static int
gst_alsa_sink_write (GstAlsa *this, snd_pcm_sframes_t *avail)
{
  GstAlsaSink *sink = GST_ALSA_SINK (this);
  void *channels[this->format->channels];
  int err, i;

  if (((GstElement *) this)->numpads == 1) {
    /* interleaved */
    err = snd_pcm_writei (this->handle, sink->data[0], *avail);
  } else {
    /* noninterleaved */
    for (i = 0; i < this->format->channels; i++) {
      channels[i] = sink->data[i];
    }
    err = snd_pcm_writen (this->handle, channels, *avail);
  }
  /* error handling */
  if (err < 0) {
    if (err == -EPIPE) {
      gst_alsa_xrun_recovery (this);
      return 0;
    }
    g_warning ("error on data access: %s", snd_strerror (err));
  }
  return err;
}
static void
gst_alsa_sink_loop (GstElement *element)
{
  snd_pcm_sframes_t avail, avail2, copied;
  snd_pcm_uframes_t samplestamp;
  gint i;
  guint bytes; /* per channel */
  GstAlsa *this = GST_ALSA (element);
  GstAlsaSink *sink = GST_ALSA_SINK (element);

  g_return_if_fail (sink != NULL);

sink_restart:

  avail = gst_alsa_update_avail (this);
  if (avail == -EPIPE) goto sink_restart;
  if (avail < 0) return;
  if (avail > 0) {

  /* Not enough space. We grab data nonetheless and sleep afterwards */
    if (avail < this->period_size) {
      avail = this->period_size;
    }
    
    /* check how many bytes we still have in all our bytestreams */
    /* initialize this value to a somewhat sane state, we might alloc this much data below (which would be a bug, but who knows)... */
    bytes = this->period_size * this->period_count * element->numpads * 8; /* must be > max sample size in bytes */
    for (i = 0; i < element->numpads; i++) {
      g_assert (this->pad[i] != NULL);
      while (sink->size[i] == 0) {
        if (!sink->buf[i])
          sink->buf[i] = gst_pad_pull (this->pad[i]);
        if (GST_IS_EVENT (sink->buf[i])) {
	  if (gst_alsa_sink_check_event (sink, i))
	    continue;
	  return;
	}
        /* caps nego failed somewhere */
        if (this->format == NULL) {
          gst_element_error (GST_ELEMENT (this), "alsasink: No caps available");
          return;
        }
        samplestamp = gst_alsa_timestamp_to_samples (this, GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP (sink->buf[i]));
        if ((!GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP_IS_VALID (sink->buf[i])) || 
	     /* difference between expected and current is < GST_ALSA_DEVIATION */
	    ((this->transmitted + gst_alsa_timestamp_to_samples (this, this->max_discont) >= samplestamp) &&
	     (this->transmitted <= gst_alsa_timestamp_to_samples (this, this->max_discont) + samplestamp))) {
no_difference:
	  sink->size[i] = sink->buf[i]->size;
          sink->data[i] = sink->buf[i]->data;
          sink->behaviour[i] = 0;
	} else if (samplestamp > this->transmitted) {
	  /* there are empty samples in front of us, fill them with silence */
	  int samples = MIN (bytes, samplestamp - this->transmitted) * 
	             (element->numpads == 1 ? this->format->channels : 1);
	  int size = samples * snd_pcm_format_physical_width (this->format->format) / 8;
	  g_printerr ("Allocating %d bytes (%ld samples) now to resync: sample %ld expected, but got %ld\n", 
	              size, MIN (bytes, samplestamp - this->transmitted), this->transmitted, samplestamp);
	  sink->data[i] = g_malloc (size);
	  if (!sink->data[i]) {
	    g_warning ("GstAlsa: error allocating %d bytes, buffers unsynced now.", size);
	    goto no_difference;
	  }
	  sink->size[i] = size;
	  if (0 != snd_pcm_format_set_silence (this->format->format, sink->data[i], samples)) {
	    g_warning ("GstAlsa: error silencing buffer, enjoy the noise.");
	  }
	  sink->behaviour[i] = 1;
	} else if (gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes (this, this->transmitted - samplestamp) >= sink->buf[i]->size) {
	  g_printerr ("Skipping %lu samples to resync (complete buffer): sample %ld expected, but got %ld\n", 
	              gst_alsa_bytes_to_samples (this, sink->buf[i]->size), this->transmitted, samplestamp);	              
	  /* this buffer is way behind */
	  gst_buffer_unref (sink->buf[i]);
	  sink->buf[i] = NULL;
	  continue;
	} else if (this->transmitted > samplestamp) {
	  gint difference = gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes (this, this->transmitted - samplestamp);	
	  g_printerr ("Skipping %lu samples to resync: sample %ld expected, but got %ld\n",
		      (gulong) this->transmitted - samplestamp, this->transmitted, samplestamp);
	  /* this buffer is only a bit behind */
          sink->size[i] = sink->buf[i]->size - difference;
          sink->data[i] = sink->buf[i]->data + difference;
          sink->behaviour[i] = 0;
	} else {
	  g_assert_not_reached ();
	}
      }
      bytes = MIN (bytes, sink->size[i]);
    }

    avail = MIN (avail, gst_alsa_bytes_to_samples (this, bytes));

    /* wait until the hw buffer has enough space */
    while (gst_element_get_state (element) == GST_STATE_PLAYING && (avail2 = gst_alsa_update_avail (this)) < avail) {
      if (avail2 <= -EPIPE) goto sink_restart;
      if (avail2 < 0) return;
      if (avail2 < avail && snd_pcm_state(this->handle) != SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING)
	if (!gst_alsa_start (this)) return;
      if (gst_alsa_pcm_wait (this) == FALSE)
        return;
    }

    /* FIXME: lotsa stuff can have happened while fetching data. Do we need to check something? */
  
    /* put this data into alsa */
    if ((copied = this->transmit (this, &avail)) < 0)
      return;
    /* update our clock */
    this->transmitted += copied;
    /* flush the data */
    bytes = gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes (this, copied);
    for (i = 0; i < element->numpads; i++) {
      if ((sink->size[i] -= bytes) == 0) {
        gst_alsa_sink_flush_one_pad (sink, i);
        continue;
      }
      g_assert (sink->size[i] > 0);
      if (sink->behaviour[i] != 1)
        sink->data[i] += bytes;
    }
  }

  if (snd_pcm_state(this->handle) != SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING && snd_pcm_avail_update (this->handle) == 0) {
    gst_alsa_start (this);
  }

}

static GstElementStateReturn
gst_alsa_sink_change_state (GstElement *element)
{
  GstAlsaSink *sink;

  g_return_val_if_fail (element != NULL, FALSE);
  sink = GST_ALSA_SINK (element);

  switch (GST_STATE_TRANSITION (element)) {
  case GST_STATE_NULL_TO_READY:
  case GST_STATE_READY_TO_PAUSED:
  case GST_STATE_PAUSED_TO_PLAYING:
  case GST_STATE_PLAYING_TO_PAUSED:
    break;
  case GST_STATE_PAUSED_TO_READY:
    gst_alsa_sink_flush_pads (sink);
    break;
  case GST_STATE_READY_TO_NULL:
    break;
  default:
    g_assert_not_reached();
  }

  if (GST_ELEMENT_CLASS (sink_parent_class)->change_state)
    return GST_ELEMENT_CLASS (sink_parent_class)->change_state (element);

  return GST_STATE_SUCCESS;
}

/*** GSTALSASRC FUNCTIONS *****************************************************/

static GstAlsa *src_parent_class = NULL;

static GstPadTemplate *
gst_alsa_src_pad_factory (void)
{
  static GstPadTemplate *template = NULL;

  if (!template)
    template = gst_pad_template_new ("src", GST_PAD_SRC, GST_PAD_ALWAYS,
                                     gst_alsa_caps (SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, -1, -1),
                                     NULL);

  return template;
}
static GstPadTemplate *
gst_alsa_src_request_pad_factory (void)
{
  static GstPadTemplate *template = NULL;

  if (!template)
    template = gst_pad_template_new ("src", GST_PAD_SRC, GST_PAD_ALWAYS,
                                     gst_alsa_caps (SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, -1, 1),
                                     NULL);

  return template;
}
GType
gst_alsa_src_get_type (void)
{
  static GType alsa_src_type = 0;

  if (!alsa_src_type) {
    static const GTypeInfo alsa_src_info = {
      sizeof (GstAlsaSrcClass),
      NULL,
      NULL,
      (GClassInitFunc) gst_alsa_src_class_init,
      NULL,
      NULL,
      sizeof (GstAlsaSrc),
      0,
      (GInstanceInitFunc) gst_alsa_src_init,
    };

    alsa_src_type = g_type_register_static (GST_TYPE_ALSA, "GstAlsaSrc", &alsa_src_info, 0);
  }
  return alsa_src_type;
}
static void
gst_alsa_src_class_init (GstAlsaSrcClass *klass)
{
  GObjectClass *object_class;
  GstElementClass *element_class;
  GstAlsaClass *alsa_class;

  object_class = (GObjectClass *) klass;
  element_class = (GstElementClass *) klass;
  alsa_class = (GstAlsaClass *) klass;

  if (src_parent_class == NULL)
    src_parent_class = g_type_class_ref (GST_TYPE_ALSA);

  alsa_class->stream		= SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;
  alsa_class->transmit_mmap	= gst_alsa_src_mmap;
  alsa_class->transmit_rw	= gst_alsa_src_read;

  element_class->change_state	= gst_alsa_src_change_state;
}
static void
gst_alsa_src_init (GstAlsaSrc *src)
{
  GstAlsa *this = GST_ALSA (src);

  this->pad[0] = gst_pad_new_from_template (gst_alsa_src_pad_factory (), "src");
  gst_pad_set_link_function (this->pad[0], gst_alsa_link);
  gst_pad_set_getcaps_function (this->pad[0], gst_alsa_get_caps);
  gst_element_add_pad (GST_ELEMENT (this), this->pad[0]);
  
  this->clock = gst_alsa_clock_new ("alsasrcclock", gst_alsa_src_get_time, this);
  /* we hold a ref to our clock until we're disposed */
  gst_object_ref (GST_OBJECT (this->clock));
  gst_object_sink (GST_OBJECT (this->clock));

  gst_element_set_loop_function (GST_ELEMENT (this), gst_alsa_src_loop);
}
static int
gst_alsa_src_mmap (GstAlsa *this, snd_pcm_sframes_t *avail)
{
  snd_pcm_uframes_t offset;
  snd_pcm_channel_area_t *dst;
  const snd_pcm_channel_area_t *src;
  int i, err, width = snd_pcm_format_physical_width (this->format->format);
  GstAlsaSrc *alsa_src = GST_ALSA_SRC (this);

  /* areas points to the memory areas that belong to gstreamer. */
  dst = calloc(this->format->channels, sizeof(snd_pcm_channel_area_t));

  if (((GstElement *) this)->numpads == 1) {
    /* interleaved */
    for (i = 0; i < this->format->channels; i++) {
      dst[i].addr = alsa_src->buf[0]->data;
      dst[i].first = i * width;
      dst[i].step = this->format->channels * width;
    }
  } else {
    /* noninterleaved */
    for (i = 0; i < this->format->channels; i++) {
      dst[i].addr = alsa_src->buf[i]->data;
      dst[i].first = 0;
      dst[i].step = width;
    }
  }

  if ((err = snd_pcm_mmap_begin (this->handle, &src, &offset, avail)) < 0) {
    g_warning ("gstalsa: mmap failed: %s", snd_strerror (err));
    return -1;
  }
  if (*avail > 0 && (err = snd_pcm_areas_copy (dst, 0, src, offset, this->format->channels, *avail, this->format->format)) < 0) {
    snd_pcm_mmap_commit (this->handle, offset, 0);
    g_warning ("gstalsa: data copy failed: %s", snd_strerror (err));
    return -1;
  }
  if ((err = snd_pcm_mmap_commit (this->handle, offset, *avail)) < 0) {
    g_warning ("gstalsa: mmap commit failed: %s", snd_strerror (err));
    return -1;
  }

  return err;
}
static int
gst_alsa_src_read (GstAlsa *this, snd_pcm_sframes_t *avail)
{
  void *channels[this->format->channels];
  int err, i;
  GstAlsaSrc *src = GST_ALSA_SRC (this);

  if (((GstElement *) this)->numpads == 1) {
    /* interleaved */
    err = snd_pcm_readi (this->handle, src->buf[0]->data, *avail);
  } else {
    /* noninterleaved */
    for (i = 0; i < this->format->channels; i++) {
      channels[i] = src->buf[i]->data;
    }
    err = snd_pcm_readn (this->handle, channels, *avail);
  }
  /* error handling */
  if (err < 0) {
    if (err == -EPIPE) {
      gst_alsa_xrun_recovery (this);
      return 0;
    }
    g_warning ("error on data access: %s", snd_strerror (err));
  }
  return err;
}
static inline gint
gst_alsa_adjust_rate (gint rate, gboolean aggressive)
{
  static gint rates[] = { 96000, 48000, 44100, 22050, 8000 };
  gint i;

  if (aggressive)
    return rate;
  
  for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (rates); i++) {
    if (rate >= rates[i])
      return rates[i];
  }

  return 0;
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_src_set_caps (GstAlsaSrc *src, gboolean aggressive)
{
  GstCaps *all_caps, *caps, *walk;
  gint channels, min_channels, max_channels;
  gint rate, min_rate, max_rate;
  gint i, law, endian, width, depth;
  gboolean sign;
  GstAlsa *this = GST_ALSA (src);

  all_caps = gst_alsa_get_caps (this->pad[0], NULL);
  if (all_caps == NULL) return FALSE;
  /* now intersect this with all caps of the peers... */
  for (i = 0; i < GST_ELEMENT (src)->numpads; i++) {
    all_caps = gst_caps_intersect (all_caps, gst_pad_get_caps (this->pad[i]));
    if (all_caps == NULL) {
      GST_DEBUG (GST_CAT_NEGOTIATION, "No compatible caps found in alsasrc (%s)", GST_ELEMENT_NAME (this));
      return FALSE;
    }
  }
  
  /* construct caps */
  caps = GST_CAPS_NEW ("alsasrc caps", "audio/raw",
                       "format",      GST_PROPS_STRING ("int"),
		       "law",         GST_PROPS_INT (0),
		       "endianness",  GST_PROPS_INT (G_BYTE_ORDER),
		       "signed",      GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (TRUE),
		       "width",       GST_PROPS_INT (16),
		       "depth",       GST_PROPS_INT (16),
		       "rate",        GST_PROPS_INT (44100),
		       "channels",    GST_PROPS_INT (1));
  gst_caps_ref (caps);
  gst_caps_sink (caps);

  /* now try to find the best match */
  walk = all_caps;
  while (walk) {
    gst_caps_get (walk, "law", &law, "signed", &sign, "width", &width, "depth", &depth, NULL);
    if (gst_caps_has_property (walk, "endianness")) {
      gst_caps_get_int (walk, "endianness", &endian);
    } else {
      endian = G_BYTE_ORDER;
    }
    gst_caps_set (caps, "law", GST_PROPS_INT (law));
    gst_caps_set (caps, "endianness", GST_PROPS_INT (endian));
    gst_caps_set (caps, "width", GST_PROPS_INT (width));
    gst_caps_set (caps, "depth", GST_PROPS_INT (depth));
    gst_caps_set (caps, "signed", GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (sign));
  
    gst_props_entry_get_int_range (gst_props_get_entry (GST_CAPS_PROPERTIES (walk), "rate"), &min_rate, &max_rate);
    gst_props_entry_get_int_range (gst_props_get_entry (GST_CAPS_PROPERTIES (walk), "channels"), &min_channels, &max_channels);
    for (rate = max_rate;; rate--) {
      if ((rate = gst_alsa_adjust_rate (rate, aggressive)) < min_rate)
	break;    
      gst_caps_set (caps, "rate", GST_PROPS_INT (rate));
      for (channels = aggressive ? max_channels : MIN (max_channels, 2); channels >= min_channels; channels--) {
        gst_caps_set (caps, "channels", GST_PROPS_INT (channels));
        GST_DEBUG (0, "trying new caps: law %d, %ssigned, endianness: %d, width %d, depth %d, channels %d, rate %d\n",
                   law, sign ? "" : "un", endian, width, depth, channels, rate);
        if (gst_pad_try_set_caps (this->pad[0], caps) != GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED)
          gst_alsa_link (this->pad[0], caps);
      
        if (this->format) {	  
	  /* try to set caps here */
	  return TRUE;
	}
      }
    }
    walk = GST_CAPS_NEXT (walk);
  }

  if (!aggressive)
    return gst_alsa_src_set_caps (src, TRUE);

  return FALSE;
}
/* we transmit buffers of period_size frames */
static void
gst_alsa_src_loop (GstElement *element)
{
  snd_pcm_sframes_t avail, copied;
  gint i;
  GstAlsa *this = GST_ALSA (element);
  GstAlsaSrc *src = GST_ALSA_SRC (element);

  /* set the caps on all pads */
  if (!this->format) {
    if (!gst_alsa_src_set_caps (src, FALSE)) {
      gst_element_error (element, "Could not set caps");
      return;
    }
    /* get the bufferpool going */
    if (src->pool)
      gst_buffer_pool_unref (src->pool);
    src->pool = gst_buffer_pool_get_default (gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes (this, this->period_size), 
                                             2 * element->numpads);
  }

  while ((avail = gst_alsa_update_avail (this)) < this->period_size) {
    if (avail == -EPIPE) continue;
    if (avail < 0) return;
    if (snd_pcm_state(this->handle) != SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING) {
      if (!gst_alsa_start (this))
	return;
      continue;
    };
    /* wait */
    if (gst_alsa_pcm_wait (this) == FALSE)
      return;
  }
  g_assert (avail >= this->period_size);
  /* make sure every pad has a buffer */
  for (i = 0; i < element->numpads; i++) {
    if (!src->buf[i]) {
      src->buf[i] = gst_buffer_new_from_pool (src->pool, 0, 0);
    }
  }
  /* fill buffer with data */
  if ((copied = this->transmit (this, &avail)) <= 0)
    return;
  /* push the buffers out and let them have fun */
  for (i = 0; i < element->numpads; i++) {
    if (!src->buf[i])
      return;
    if (copied != this->period_size)
      GST_BUFFER_SIZE (src->buf[i]) = gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes (this, copied);
    GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP (src->buf[i]) = gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp (this, this->transmitted);
    gst_pad_push (this->pad[i], src->buf[i]);
    src->buf[i] = NULL;
  }
  this->transmitted += copied;
}

static void
gst_alsa_src_flush (GstAlsaSrc *src)
{
  gint i;

  for (i = 0; i < GST_ELEMENT (src)->numpads; i++) { 
    if (src->buf[i]) {
      gst_buffer_unref (src->buf[i]);
      src->buf[i] = NULL;
    }
  }
  if (src->pool) {
    gst_buffer_pool_unref (src->pool);
    src->pool = NULL;
  }
}
static GstElementStateReturn
gst_alsa_src_change_state (GstElement *element)
{
  GstAlsaSrc *src;

  g_return_val_if_fail (element != NULL, FALSE);
  src = GST_ALSA_SRC (element);

  switch (GST_STATE_TRANSITION (element)) {
  case GST_STATE_NULL_TO_READY:
  case GST_STATE_READY_TO_PAUSED:
  case GST_STATE_PAUSED_TO_PLAYING:
  case GST_STATE_PLAYING_TO_PAUSED:
    break;
  case GST_STATE_PAUSED_TO_READY:
    gst_alsa_src_flush (src);
    break;
  case GST_STATE_READY_TO_NULL:
    break;
  default:
    g_assert_not_reached();
  }

  if (GST_ELEMENT_CLASS (src_parent_class)->change_state)
    return GST_ELEMENT_CLASS (src_parent_class)->change_state (element);

  return GST_STATE_SUCCESS;
}

/*** GSTREAMER PAD / QUERY / CONVERSION / STATE FUNCTIONS *********************/

static GstPad *
gst_alsa_request_new_pad (GstElement *element, GstPadTemplate *templ,
                          const gchar *name)
{
  GstAlsa *this;
  gint channel = 0;

  g_return_val_if_fail ((this = GST_ALSA (element)), NULL);
  g_return_val_if_fail (!GST_FLAG_IS_SET (element, GST_ALSA_RUNNING), NULL);

  if (name) {
    /* locate the channel number in the requested pad name. to do so look at
       where the % (which begins the %d) is in the template name. */
    channel = (gint) strtol (name + (strchr (templ->name_template, '%') -
                            templ->name_template), NULL, 0);
    if (channel < 1 || channel >= GST_ALSA_MAX_CHANNELS) {
      g_warning ("invalid channel requested. (%d)", channel);
      return NULL;
    }
  }

  /* make sure the requested channel is free. */
  if (channel > 0 || this->pad[channel] != NULL) {
    g_warning ("requested channel %d already in use.", channel);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* if the user doesn't care which channel, find the lowest channel number
     that's free. */
  if (channel == 0) {
    for (channel = 1; channel < GST_ALSA_MAX_CHANNELS; channel++) {
      if (this->pad[channel] != NULL)
        goto found_channel;
    }
    return NULL;
  }

found_channel:
  this->pad[channel] = gst_pad_new_from_template (templ, name);
  gst_pad_set_link_function (this->pad[channel], gst_alsa_link);
  gst_pad_set_getcaps_function (this->pad[channel], gst_alsa_get_caps);
  gst_element_add_pad (GST_ELEMENT (this), this->pad[channel]);
  gst_pad_set_convert_function (this->pad[channel], gst_alsa_pad_convert);
  gst_pad_set_query_function (this->pad[channel], gst_alsa_pad_query);
  gst_pad_set_query_type_function (this->pad[channel], gst_alsa_get_query_types);
  gst_pad_set_formats_function (this->pad[channel], gst_alsa_get_formats);
  
  return this->pad[channel];
}

/* gets the matching alsa format or NULL if none matches */
static GstAlsaFormat *
gst_alsa_get_format (GstCaps *caps)
{
  const gchar *format_name;
  GstAlsaFormat *ret;

  if (!(ret = g_new (GstAlsaFormat, 1)))
    return NULL;

  /* we have to differentiate between int and float formats */
  if (!gst_caps_get_string (caps, "format", &format_name))
    goto error;

  if (strncmp (format_name, "int", 3) == 0) {
    gboolean sign;
    gint width, depth, endianness, law;

    /* extract the needed information from the caps */
    if (!gst_caps_get (caps,
                       "width", &width,
                       "depth", &depth,
                       "law", &law,
                       "signed", &sign,
                       NULL))
        goto error;
	
    /* extract endianness if needed */
    if (width > 8) {
      if (!gst_caps_get (caps,
                         "endianness", &endianness,
                         NULL))
        goto error;
      } else {
      endianness = G_BYTE_ORDER;
    }
    
    /* find corresponding alsa format */
    switch (law) {
      case 0: 
	ret->format = snd_pcm_build_linear_format (depth, width, sign ? 0 : 1, endianness == G_LITTLE_ENDIAN ? 0 : 1);
        break;
      case 1: 
        if (width == 8 && depth == 8 && sign == FALSE) {
          ret->format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_MU_LAW;
	  break;
        } else {
          goto error;
        }
      case 2: 
        if (width == 8 && depth == 8 && sign == FALSE) {
          ret->format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_A_LAW;
	  break;
        } else {
          goto error;
        }
      default: 
        goto error;
    }
  } else if (strncmp (format_name, "float", 5) == 0) {
    gchar *layout;
    gfloat intercept, slope;

    /* get layout */
    if (!gst_caps_get (caps, "layout", &layout,
                             "intercept", &intercept,
                             "slope", &slope,
                             NULL))
      goto error;
    if (intercept != 0.0f || slope != 1.0f) {
      goto error;
    }
    /* match layout to format wrt to endianness */
    if (strncmp (layout, "gfloat", 6) == 0) {
      if (G_BYTE_ORDER == G_LITTLE_ENDIAN) {
	ret->format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_LE;
      } else if (G_BYTE_ORDER == G_BIG_ENDIAN) {
        ret->format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_BE;
      } else {
        ret->format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
      }
    } else if (strncmp (layout, "gdouble", 7) == 0) {
      if (G_BYTE_ORDER == G_LITTLE_ENDIAN) {
	ret->format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_LE;
      } else if (G_BYTE_ORDER == G_BIG_ENDIAN) {
        ret->format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_BE;
      } else {
        ret->format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64;
      }
    } else {
      goto error;
    }
  }

  /* get rate and channels */
  if (!gst_caps_get (caps, "rate", &ret->rate,
                           "channels", &ret->channels,
                           NULL))
    goto error;
  
  return ret;
  
error:
  g_free (ret);
  return NULL;
}

static inline gboolean
gst_alsa_formats_match (GstAlsaFormat *one, GstAlsaFormat *two)
{
  if (one == two) return TRUE;
  if (one == NULL || two == NULL) return FALSE;
  return (one->format == two->format) && 
         (one->rate == two->rate) && 
         (one->channels == two->channels);
}
/* get props for a spec */
static GstProps *
gst_alsa_get_props (snd_pcm_format_t format)
{
  if (format == SND_PCM_FORMAT_A_LAW) {
    return gst_props_new ("format", GST_PROPS_STRING ("int"),
                          "law", GST_PROPS_INT(2),
                          "width", GST_PROPS_INT(8),
                          "depth", GST_PROPS_INT(8),
                          "signed", GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (FALSE),
                          NULL);
  } else if (format == SND_PCM_FORMAT_MU_LAW) {
    return gst_props_new ("format", GST_PROPS_STRING ("int"),
                          "law", GST_PROPS_INT(1),
                          "width", GST_PROPS_INT(8),
                          "depth", GST_PROPS_INT(8),
                          "signed", GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (FALSE),
                          NULL);
  } else if (snd_pcm_format_linear (format)) {
    /* int */
    GstProps *props = gst_props_new ("format", GST_PROPS_STRING ("int"),
                          "width", GST_PROPS_INT(snd_pcm_format_physical_width (format)),
                          "depth", GST_PROPS_INT(snd_pcm_format_width (format)),
                          "law", GST_PROPS_INT(0),
                          "signed", GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (snd_pcm_format_signed (format) == 1 ? TRUE : FALSE),
                          NULL);
    /* endianness */
    if (snd_pcm_format_physical_width (format) > 8) {
      switch (snd_pcm_format_little_endian (format)) {
      case 0:
        gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("endianness", GST_PROPS_INT (G_BIG_ENDIAN)));
        break;
      case 1:
        gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("endianness", GST_PROPS_INT (G_LITTLE_ENDIAN)));
        break;
      default:
        g_warning("ALSA: Unknown byte order in sound driver. Continuing by assuming system byte order.");
        gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("endianness", GST_PROPS_INT (G_BYTE_ORDER)));
        break;
      }
    }
    return props;
  } else if (snd_pcm_format_float (format)) {
    /* no float with non-platform endianness */
    if (!snd_pcm_format_cpu_endian (format))
      return NULL;

    return gst_props_new ("format", GST_PROPS_STRING ("float"),
                          "layout", GST_PROPS_STRING (snd_pcm_format_width (format) == 64 ? "gdouble" : "gfloat"),
                          "intercept", GST_PROPS_FLOAT (0),
                          "slope", GST_PROPS_FLOAT (1),
                          NULL);
  }
  return NULL;
}

static inline void
add_channels (GstProps *props, gint min_rate, gint max_rate, gint min_channels, gint max_channels) {
  if (min_rate < 0) {
    gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("rate", GST_PROPS_INT_RANGE (GST_ALSA_MIN_RATE, GST_ALSA_MAX_RATE)));
  } else if (max_rate < 0) {
    gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("rate", GST_PROPS_INT (min_rate)));
  } else {
    gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("rate", GST_PROPS_INT_RANGE (min_rate, max_rate)));
  }
  if (min_channels < 0) {
    gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("channels", GST_PROPS_INT_RANGE (1, GST_ALSA_MAX_CHANNELS)));
  } else if (max_channels < 0) {
    gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("channels", GST_PROPS_INT (min_channels)));
  } else {
    gst_props_add_entry (props, gst_props_entry_new ("channels", GST_PROPS_INT_RANGE (min_channels, max_channels)));
  }
}

/**
 * Get all available caps.
 * @format: SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN for all formats, desired format else
 * @rate: allowed rates if < 0, else desired rate
 * @channels: all allowed values for channels if < 0, else desired channels
 */
static GstCaps *
gst_alsa_caps (snd_pcm_format_t format, gint rate, gint channels)
{
  GstCaps *ret_caps = NULL;

  if (format != SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN) {
    /* there are some caps set already */
    GstProps *props = gst_alsa_get_props (format);
    /* we can never use a format we can't set caps for */
    g_assert (props != NULL);

    add_channels (props, rate, -1, channels, -1);
    ret_caps = gst_caps_new (g_strdup (snd_pcm_format_name (format)), "audio/raw", props);
  } else {
    int i;
    GstProps *props;

    for (i = 0; i <= SND_PCM_FORMAT_LAST; i++) {
      props = gst_alsa_get_props (i);
      /* can be NULL, because not all alsa formats can be specified as caps */
      if (props != NULL) {
        add_channels (props, rate, -1, channels, -1);
        ret_caps = gst_caps_append (ret_caps, gst_caps_new (g_strdup (snd_pcm_format_name (i)),
                                    "audio/raw", props));
      }
    }
  }

  return ret_caps;
}

/* Return better caps when device is open */
static GstCaps *
gst_alsa_get_caps (GstPad *pad, GstCaps *caps)
{
  GstAlsa *this;
  snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hw_params;
  snd_pcm_format_mask_t *mask;
  int i;
  unsigned int min_rate, max_rate;
  gint min_channels, max_channels;
  GstCaps *ret = NULL;

  g_return_val_if_fail (pad != NULL, NULL);

  this = GST_ALSA (gst_pad_get_parent (pad));

  if (!GST_FLAG_IS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_OPEN))
    return gst_pad_get_pad_template_caps (pad);
  
  snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca (&hw_params);
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_any (this->handle, hw_params),
               "Broken configuration for this PCM: %s");

  if (((GstElement *) this)->numpads > 1) {
    min_channels = 1;
    max_channels = -1;
  } else {
    ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_min (hw_params, &min_rate),
                 "Coul<EFBFBD>dn't get minimum channel count for device %s: %s", this->device);
    ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_max (hw_params, &max_rate),
                 "Coul<EFBFBD>dn't get maximum channel count for device %s: %s", this->device);
    min_channels = min_rate;
    max_channels = max_rate > GST_ALSA_MAX_CHANNELS ? GST_ALSA_MAX_CHANNELS : max_rate;
  }

  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_min (hw_params, &min_rate, &i),
               "Coul<EFBFBD>dn't get minimum rate for device %s: %s", this->device);
  min_rate = min_rate < GST_ALSA_MIN_RATE ? GST_ALSA_MIN_RATE : min_rate + i;
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_max (hw_params, &max_rate, &i),
               "Coul<EFBFBD>dn't get maximum rate for device %s: %s", this->device);
  max_rate = max_rate > GST_ALSA_MAX_RATE ? GST_ALSA_MAX_RATE : max_rate + i;
  
  snd_pcm_format_mask_alloca (&mask);
  snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_mask (hw_params, mask);
  for (i = 0; i <= SND_PCM_FORMAT_LAST; i++) {
    if (snd_pcm_format_mask_test (mask, i)) {
      GstProps *props = gst_alsa_get_props (i);
      /* we can never use a format we can't set caps for */
      if (props != NULL) {
        add_channels (props, min_rate, max_rate, min_channels, max_channels);
        ret = gst_caps_append (ret, gst_caps_new (g_strdup (snd_pcm_format_name (i)),
                               "audio/raw", props));
      }
    }
  }

  return ret;
}
/* Negotiates the caps */
GstPadLinkReturn
gst_alsa_link (GstPad *pad, GstCaps *caps)
{
  GstAlsa *this;
  GstAlsaFormat *format;
  GstPadLinkReturn ret;

  g_return_val_if_fail (caps != NULL, GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED);
  g_return_val_if_fail (pad != NULL, GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED);

  this = GST_ALSA (gst_pad_get_parent (pad));

  if (GST_CAPS_IS_FIXED (caps)) {
    if (this->handle == NULL)
      if (!gst_alsa_open_audio (this))
        return GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED;

    format = gst_alsa_get_format (caps);
    if (format == NULL)
      return GST_PAD_LINK_DELAYED;
    
    GST_DEBUG (GST_CAT_CAPS, "found format %s\n", snd_pcm_format_name (format->format));
    
    if (!GST_FLAG_IS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_CAPS_NEGO)) {
      gint i;

      GST_FLAG_SET (this, GST_ALSA_CAPS_NEGO);

      if (gst_alsa_formats_match (this->format, format)) {
        ret = GST_PAD_LINK_OK;
        goto out;
      }

      if (!gst_alsa_probe_hw_params (this, format)) {
        ret = GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED;
        goto out;
      }

      for (i = 0; i < ((GstElement *) this)->numpads; i++) {
        g_assert (this->pad[i] != NULL);
        if (this->pad[i] == pad)
	  continue;
        if (gst_pad_try_set_caps (this->pad[i], gst_caps_ref (caps)) == GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED) {
	  if (this->format) {
	    GstCaps *old = gst_alsa_caps (this->format->format, this->format->rate, this->format->channels);
	    for (--i; i >= 0; i--) {
              if (gst_pad_try_set_caps (this->pad[i], gst_caps_ref (old)) == GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED) {
	        gst_element_error (GST_ELEMENT (this), "error resetting caps to sane value");
	        gst_caps_unref (old);
                break;
	      }
	    }
            gst_caps_unref (old);
	  } else {
	    /* FIXME: unset caps on pads somehow */
	  }
          ret = GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED;
	  goto out;
        }
      }
    
      GST_FLAG_UNSET (this, GST_ALSA_CAPS_NEGO);

      /* sync the params */
      if (GST_FLAG_IS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_RUNNING)) gst_alsa_stop_audio (this);
      g_free (this->format);
      this->format = format;
      if (!gst_alsa_start_audio (this)) {
        gst_element_error (GST_ELEMENT (this), "Probed format doesn't work");
        return GST_PAD_LINK_REFUSED;
      }
    }

    return GST_PAD_LINK_OK;
  }

  return GST_PAD_LINK_DELAYED;

out:
  g_free (format);
  GST_FLAG_UNSET (this, GST_ALSA_CAPS_NEGO);
  return ret;
}

static GstElementStateReturn
gst_alsa_change_state (GstElement *element)
{
  GstAlsa *this;

  g_return_val_if_fail (element != NULL, FALSE);
  this = GST_ALSA (element);

  switch (GST_STATE_TRANSITION (element)) {
  case GST_STATE_NULL_TO_READY:
    if (!GST_FLAG_IS_SET (element, GST_ALSA_OPEN))
      if (!gst_alsa_open_audio (this))
        return GST_STATE_FAILURE;
    break;
  case GST_STATE_READY_TO_PAUSED:
    if (!GST_FLAG_IS_SET (element, GST_ALSA_RUNNING))
      if (!gst_alsa_start_audio (this))
        return GST_STATE_FAILURE;
    this->transmitted = 0;
    break;
  case GST_STATE_PAUSED_TO_PLAYING:
    if (snd_pcm_state (this->handle) == SND_PCM_STATE_PAUSED) {
      int err = snd_pcm_pause (this->handle, 0);
      if (err < 0) {
        g_warning ("Error unpausing sound: %s", snd_strerror (err));
        return GST_STATE_FAILURE;
      }
      gst_alsa_clock_start (this->clock);
    }
    break;
  case GST_STATE_PLAYING_TO_PAUSED:
    if (GST_ALSA_CAPS_IS_SET(this, GST_ALSA_CAPS_PAUSE)) {
      if (snd_pcm_state (this->handle) == SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING) {
        int err = snd_pcm_pause (this->handle, 1);
        if (err < 0) {
          g_warning ("Error pausing sound: %s", snd_strerror (err));
          return GST_STATE_FAILURE;
        }
        gst_alsa_clock_stop (this->clock);
      }
      break;
    }
    /* if device doesn't know how to pause, we just stop */
  case GST_STATE_PAUSED_TO_READY:
    if (GST_FLAG_IS_SET (element, GST_ALSA_RUNNING))
      gst_alsa_stop_audio (this);
    g_free (this->format);
    this->format = NULL;
    break;
  case GST_STATE_READY_TO_NULL:
    if (GST_FLAG_IS_SET (element, GST_ALSA_OPEN))
      gst_alsa_close_audio (this);
    break;

  default:
    g_assert_not_reached();
  }

  if (GST_ELEMENT_CLASS (parent_class)->change_state)
    return GST_ELEMENT_CLASS (parent_class)->change_state (element);

  return GST_STATE_SUCCESS;
}
static const GstFormat *
gst_alsa_get_formats (GstPad *pad)
{
  static const GstFormat formats[] = {
    GST_FORMAT_TIME,
    GST_FORMAT_UNITS,
    GST_FORMAT_BYTES,
    0
  };
  return formats;
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_pad_convert (GstPad *pad, GstFormat src_format, gint64 src_value,
		      GstFormat *dest_format, gint64 *dest_value)
{
  return gst_alsa_convert (GST_ALSA (GST_PAD_PARENT (pad)), src_format, src_value, dest_format, dest_value);
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_convert (GstAlsa *this, GstFormat src_format, gint64 src_value,
	          GstFormat *dest_format, gint64 *dest_value)
{
  gboolean res = TRUE;

  if (src_format == *dest_format || (src_format == GST_FORMAT_UNITS && *dest_format == GST_FORMAT_DEFAULT)) {
    *dest_format = GST_FORMAT_UNITS;
    *dest_value = src_value;
    return TRUE;
  }
  if (this->format == NULL)
    return FALSE;

  switch (src_format) {
    case GST_FORMAT_BYTES:
      switch (*dest_format) {
        case GST_FORMAT_DEFAULT:
          *dest_format = GST_FORMAT_UNITS;
        case GST_FORMAT_TIME:
	  *dest_value = gst_alsa_bytes_to_timestamp (this, (guint) src_value);
          break;
        case GST_FORMAT_UNITS:
	  *dest_value = gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp (this, (guint) src_value);
          break;
        default:
          res = FALSE;
	  break;
      }
      break;
    case GST_FORMAT_TIME:
      switch (*dest_format) {
        case GST_FORMAT_DEFAULT:
          *dest_format = GST_FORMAT_UNITS;
        case GST_FORMAT_UNITS:
	  *dest_value = gst_alsa_timestamp_to_samples (this, (GstClockTime) src_value);
          break;
        case GST_FORMAT_BYTES:
	  *dest_value = gst_alsa_timestamp_to_bytes (this, (GstClockTime) src_value);
          break;
        default:
          res = FALSE;
	  break;
      }
      break;
    case GST_FORMAT_UNITS:
      switch (*dest_format) {	  
        case GST_FORMAT_TIME:
	  *dest_value = gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp (this, (guint) src_value);
          break;
        case GST_FORMAT_BYTES:
	  *dest_value = gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes (this, (guint) src_value);
          break;
        case GST_FORMAT_DEFAULT:
          g_assert_not_reached ();
	  /* fall through */
        default:
          res = FALSE;
	  break;
      }
      break;
    default:
      res = FALSE;
  }

  return res;
}
static const GstQueryType * 
gst_alsa_get_query_types (GstPad *pad)
{
  static const GstQueryType query_types[] = {
    GST_QUERY_LATENCY,
    GST_QUERY_POSITION,
    0,
  };
  return query_types;
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_query_func (GstElement *element, GstQueryType type, GstFormat *format, gint64 *value)
{
  gboolean res = FALSE;
  GstAlsa *this = GST_ALSA (element);

  switch (type) {
    case GST_QUERY_LATENCY: {
      snd_pcm_sframes_t delay;
      ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_delay (this->handle, &delay), "Error getting delay: %s");
      res = gst_alsa_convert (this, GST_FORMAT_UNITS, (gint64) delay, format, value); 
      break;
    }
    case GST_QUERY_POSITION:
      res = gst_alsa_convert (this, GST_FORMAT_UNITS, this->transmitted, format, value);
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }

  return res;
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_query (GstElement *element, GstQueryType type, GstFormat *format, gint64 *value)
{
  return gst_alsa_pad_query (GST_ALSA (element)->pad[0], type, format, value);
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_pad_query (GstPad *pad, GstQueryType type, GstFormat *format, gint64 *value)
{
  if (gst_alsa_query_func (GST_PAD_PARENT (pad), type, format, value))
    return TRUE;

  if (GST_PAD_DIRECTION (pad) == GST_PAD_SINK && gst_pad_query (gst_pad_get_peer (pad), type, format, value))
    return TRUE;
  
  return FALSE;
}

/*** AUDIO PROCESSING *********************************************************/

inline static snd_pcm_sframes_t
gst_alsa_update_avail (GstAlsa *this)
{
  snd_pcm_sframes_t avail = snd_pcm_avail_update (this->handle);
  if (avail < 0) {
    if (avail == -EPIPE) {
      gst_alsa_xrun_recovery (this);
    } else {
      g_warning ("unknown ALSA avail_update return value (%d)", (int) avail);
    }
  }
  return avail;
}
/* returns TRUE, if the loop should go on */
inline static gboolean
gst_alsa_pcm_wait (GstAlsa *this)
{
  int err;

  if (snd_pcm_state (this->handle) == SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING) {
    if ((err = snd_pcm_wait (this->handle, 1000)) < 0) {
      if (err == EINTR) {
        /* happens mostly when run under gdb, or when exiting due to a signal */
        GST_DEBUG (GST_CAT_PLUGIN_INFO, "got interrupted while waiting");
        if (gst_element_interrupt (GST_ELEMENT (this))) {
          return TRUE;
        } else {
          return FALSE;
        }
      }
      g_warning ("error waiting for alsa pcm: (%d: %s)", err, snd_strerror (err));
      return FALSE;
    }
  }
  return TRUE;
}

/**
 * error out or make sure we're in SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING afterwards 
 * return FALSE if we're not
 */
inline static gboolean
gst_alsa_start (GstAlsa *this)
{
  GST_DEBUG (GST_CAT_PLUGIN_INFO, "Setting state to RUNNING");

  switch (snd_pcm_state(this->handle)) {
    case SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN:
      gst_alsa_xrun_recovery (this);
      return gst_alsa_start (this);
    case SND_PCM_STATE_SETUP:
      ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_prepare (this->handle), "error preparing: %s");
    case SND_PCM_STATE_SUSPENDED:
    case SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED:
      ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_start(this->handle), "error starting playback: %s");
      break;
    case SND_PCM_STATE_PAUSED:
      ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_pause (this->handle, 0), "error unpausing: %s");
      break;
    case SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING:
      break;
    case SND_PCM_STATE_DRAINING:
    case SND_PCM_STATE_OPEN:
      /* this probably happens when someone replugged a pipeline and we're in a
         really weird state because our cothread wasn't busted */
      return FALSE;
    default:
      /* it's a bug when we get here */
      g_assert_not_reached ();
      break;
  }
  gst_alsa_clock_start (this->clock);
  return TRUE;
}
static void
gst_alsa_xrun_recovery (GstAlsa *this)
{
  snd_pcm_status_t *status;
  gint err;

  snd_pcm_status_alloca (&status);

  if ((err = snd_pcm_status (this->handle, status)) < 0)
    g_warning ("status error: %s", snd_strerror (err));

  if (snd_pcm_status_get_state (status) == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN) {
    struct timeval now, diff, tstamp;

    gettimeofday (&now, 0);
    snd_pcm_status_get_trigger_tstamp (status, &tstamp);
    timersub (&now, &tstamp, &diff);
    g_warning ("alsa: xrun of at least %.3f msecs", diff.tv_sec * 1000 + diff.tv_usec / 1000.0);

    /* if we're allowed to recover, ... */
    if (this->autorecover) {
      /* ... then increase the period size or buffer size / period count to
         prevent further xruns (at the cost of increased latency and memory
         usage). */
      if (this->period_count >= 4) {
        this->period_size *= 2;
        this->period_count /= 2;
      } else {
        this->period_count *= 2;
      }
    }
  }

  if (!(gst_alsa_stop_audio (this) && gst_alsa_start_audio (this))) {
    gst_element_error (GST_ELEMENT (this), "alsasink: Error restarting audio after xrun");
  }
}

/*** AUDIO SETUP / START / STOP ***********************************************/

static void
gst_alsa_set_eos (GstAlsa *this)
{
  gst_alsa_drain_audio (this);
  gst_element_set_eos (GST_ELEMENT (this));
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_open_audio (GstAlsa *this)
{
  g_assert (this != NULL);
  g_assert (this->handle == NULL);

  GST_INFO (GST_CAT_PLUGIN_INFO, "Opening alsa device \"%s\"...\n", this->device);

  ERROR_CHECK (snd_output_stdio_attach (&this->out, stderr, 0),
               "error opening log output: %s");
  /* we use non-blocking i/o */
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_open (&this->handle, this->device, 
                             GST_ALSA_GET_CLASS (this)->stream, SND_PCM_NONBLOCK),
               "error opening pcm device %s: %s\n", this->device);

  GST_FLAG_SET (this, GST_ALSA_OPEN);
  return TRUE;
}
/* if someone finds an easy way to merge this with _set_hw_params, go ahead */
static gboolean
gst_alsa_probe_hw_params (GstAlsa *this, GstAlsaFormat *format)
{
  snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hw_params;
  snd_pcm_access_mask_t *mask;
  snd_pcm_uframes_t period_size;
  unsigned int period_count;

  g_return_val_if_fail (this != NULL, FALSE);
  g_return_val_if_fail (format != NULL, FALSE);
  
  GST_INFO (GST_CAT_PLUGIN_INFO, "Probing format: %s %dHz, %d channels\n",
            snd_pcm_format_name (format->format), format->rate, format->channels);

  snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca (&hw_params);
  SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_any (this->handle, hw_params));
  SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_integer (this->handle, hw_params));

  /* enable this for soundcard specific debugging */
  /* snd_pcm_hw_params_dump (hw_params, this->out); */
  
  mask = alloca (snd_pcm_access_mask_sizeof ());
  snd_pcm_access_mask_none (mask);
  if (GST_ELEMENT (this)->numpads == 1) {
    snd_pcm_access_mask_set (mask, this->mmap ? SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_INTERLEAVED : SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
  } else {
    snd_pcm_access_mask_set (mask, this->mmap ? SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_NONINTERLEAVED : SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED);
  }
  SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access_mask (this->handle, hw_params, mask));
  
  SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format (this->handle, hw_params, format->format));
  SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels (this->handle, hw_params, format->channels));
  SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate (this->handle, hw_params, format->rate, 0));

  period_count = this->period_count;
  SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near (this->handle, hw_params, &period_count, 0));
  period_size = this->period_size;
  SIMPLE_ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near (this->handle, hw_params, &period_size, 0));

  return TRUE;
}
/**
 * You must set all hw parameters at once and can't use already set params and
 * change them.
 * Thx ALSA for not documenting this
 */
static gboolean
gst_alsa_set_hw_params (GstAlsa *this)
{
  snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hw_params;
  snd_pcm_access_mask_t *mask;

  g_return_val_if_fail (this != NULL, FALSE);
  g_return_val_if_fail (this->handle != NULL, FALSE);

  if (this->format) {
    GST_INFO (GST_CAT_PLUGIN_INFO, "Preparing format: %s %dHz, %d channels",
              snd_pcm_format_name (this->format->format), this->format->rate, this->format->channels);
  } else {
    GST_INFO (GST_CAT_PLUGIN_INFO, "Preparing format: (none)");
  }

  snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca (&hw_params);
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_any (this->handle, hw_params),
               "Broken configuration for this PCM: %s");
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_integer (this->handle, hw_params), 
               "cannot restrict period size to integral value: %s");

  /* enable this for soundcard specific debugging */
  /* snd_pcm_hw_params_dump (hw_params, this->out); */
  
  mask = alloca (snd_pcm_access_mask_sizeof ());
  snd_pcm_access_mask_none (mask);
  if (GST_ELEMENT (this)->numpads == 1) {
    snd_pcm_access_mask_set (mask, this->mmap ? SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_INTERLEAVED : SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
  } else {
    snd_pcm_access_mask_set (mask, this->mmap ? SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_NONINTERLEAVED : SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED);
  }
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access_mask (this->handle, hw_params, mask),
               "The Gstreamer ALSA plugin does not support your hardware. Error: %s");
  
  if (this->format) {
    ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format (this->handle, hw_params, this->format->format),
                 "Sample format (%s) not available: %s", snd_pcm_format_name (this->format->format));
    ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels (this->handle, hw_params, this->format->channels),
                 "Channels count (%d) not available: %s", this->format->channels);
    ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate (this->handle, hw_params, this->format->rate, 0),
                 "error setting rate (%d): %s", this->format->rate);
  }

  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near (this->handle, hw_params, &this->period_count, 0), 
               "error setting buffer size to %u: %s", (guint) this->period_count);
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near (this->handle, hw_params, &this->period_size, 0), 
               "error setting period size to %u frames: %s", (guint) this->period_size);

  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_hw_params (this->handle, hw_params),
               "Could not set hardware parameters: %s");

  /* now get the pcm caps */
  GST_ALSA_CAPS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_CAPS_PAUSE, snd_pcm_hw_params_can_pause (hw_params));
  GST_ALSA_CAPS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_CAPS_RESUME, snd_pcm_hw_params_can_resume (hw_params));
  GST_ALSA_CAPS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_CAPS_SYNC_START, snd_pcm_hw_params_can_sync_start (hw_params));
  
  if (this->mmap) {
    this->transmit = GST_ALSA_GET_CLASS (this)->transmit_mmap;
  } else {
    this->transmit = GST_ALSA_GET_CLASS (this)->transmit_rw;
  }

  return TRUE;
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_set_sw_params (GstAlsa *this)
{
  snd_pcm_sw_params_t *sw_params;

  snd_pcm_sw_params_alloca (&sw_params);
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_sw_params_current (this->handle, sw_params),
               "Could not get current software parameters: %s");
  
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_size (this->handle, sw_params, 0),
               "could not set silence size: %s");
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_threshold (this->handle, sw_params, 0),
               "could not set silence threshold: %s");
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min (this->handle, sw_params, this->period_size),
               "could not set avail min: %s");
  /* we start explicitly */
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold (this->handle, sw_params, this->period_size * this->period_count + 1),
               "could not set start mode: %s");
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold (this->handle, sw_params, this->period_size * this->period_count),
               "could not set stop mode: %s");
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_sw_params_set_xfer_align(this->handle, sw_params, 1),
               "Unable to set transfer align for playback: %s");
  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_sw_params (this->handle, sw_params),
               "could not set sw_params: %s");
  
  return TRUE;
}

static gboolean
gst_alsa_start_audio (GstAlsa *this)
{
  g_assert (GST_FLAG_IS_SET (this, GST_ALSA_OPEN));
  
  if (!gst_alsa_set_hw_params (this))
    return FALSE;
  if (!gst_alsa_set_sw_params (this))
    return FALSE;
  
  GST_FLAG_SET (this, GST_ALSA_RUNNING);
  return TRUE;
}
static gboolean
gst_alsa_drain_audio (GstAlsa *this)
{
  g_assert (this != NULL);
  g_return_val_if_fail (this->handle != NULL, FALSE);

  GST_DEBUG (GST_CAT_PLUGIN_INFO, "stopping alsa");
  
  switch (snd_pcm_state (this->handle)) {
    case SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN:
    case SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING:
      gst_alsa_clock_stop (this->clock);
      /* fall through - clock is already stopped when paused */
    case SND_PCM_STATE_PAUSED:
      /* snd_pcm_drain only works in blocking mode */
      ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_nonblock(this->handle, 0), "couldn't set blocking mode: %s");
      ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_drain (this->handle), "couldn't stop and drain buffer: %s");
      ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_nonblock(this->handle, 1), "couldn't set non-blocking mode: %s");
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }

  GST_FLAG_UNSET (this, GST_ALSA_RUNNING);  
  return TRUE;
}

static gboolean
gst_alsa_stop_audio (GstAlsa *this)
{
  g_assert (this != NULL);
  g_return_val_if_fail (this->handle != NULL, FALSE);

  GST_DEBUG (GST_CAT_PLUGIN_INFO, "stopping alsa, skipping pending frames");
  
  switch (snd_pcm_state (this->handle)) {
    case SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN:
    case SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING:
      gst_alsa_clock_stop (this->clock);
      /* fall through - clock is already stopped when paused */
    case SND_PCM_STATE_PAUSED:
      ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_drop (this->handle),
                   "couldn't stop (dropping frames): %s");
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }

  GST_FLAG_UNSET (this, GST_ALSA_RUNNING);  
  return TRUE;
}

static gboolean
gst_alsa_close_audio (GstAlsa *this)
{
  g_return_val_if_fail (this != NULL, FALSE);
  g_return_val_if_fail (this->handle != NULL, FALSE);

  ERROR_CHECK (snd_pcm_close (this->handle), "Error closing device: %s");

  this->handle = NULL;
  GST_FLAG_UNSET (this, GST_ALSA_OPEN);

  return TRUE;
}

/*** CLOCK FUNCTIONS **********************************************************/

GType
gst_alsa_clock_get_type (void)
{ 
  static GType clock_type = 0;
	    
  if (!clock_type) {
    static const GTypeInfo clock_info = {
      sizeof (GstAlsaClockClass),
      NULL,
      NULL,
      (GClassInitFunc) gst_alsa_clock_class_init,
      NULL,
      NULL,
      sizeof (GstAlsaClock),
      4,
      (GInstanceInitFunc) gst_alsa_clock_init,
      NULL
    };
    clock_type = g_type_register_static (GST_TYPE_CLOCK, "GstAlsaClock",
                                         &clock_info, 0);
  }
  return clock_type;
}
static void
gst_alsa_clock_class_init (GstAlsaClockClass *klass)
{
  GObjectClass *gobject_class;
  GstObjectClass *gstobject_class;
  GstClockClass *gstclock_class;

  gobject_class = (GObjectClass*) klass;
  gstobject_class = (GstObjectClass*) klass;
  gstclock_class = (GstClockClass*) klass;

  clock_parent_class = g_type_class_ref (GST_TYPE_CLOCK);

  gstclock_class->get_internal_time = gst_alsa_clock_get_internal_time;
  gstclock_class->get_resolution = gst_alsa_clock_get_resolution;
  gstclock_class->wait = gst_alsa_clock_wait;
  gstclock_class->unlock = gst_alsa_clock_unlock;
}
static void
gst_alsa_clock_init (GstAlsaClock *clock)
{
  gst_object_set_name (GST_OBJECT (clock), "GstAlsaClock");

  clock->start_time = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
}
static GstAlsaClock*
gst_alsa_clock_new (gchar *name, GstAlsaClockGetTimeFunc get_time, GstAlsa *owner)
{
  GstAlsaClock *alsa_clock = GST_ALSA_CLOCK (g_object_new (GST_TYPE_ALSA_CLOCK, NULL));

  g_assert (alsa_clock);

  alsa_clock->get_time = get_time;
  alsa_clock->owner = owner;
  alsa_clock->adjust = 0;

  gst_object_set_name (GST_OBJECT (alsa_clock), name);
  gst_object_set_parent (GST_OBJECT (alsa_clock), GST_OBJECT (owner));

  return alsa_clock;
}
void
gst_alsa_clock_start (GstAlsaClock *clock)
{
  GTimeVal timeval;
  g_get_current_time (&timeval);

  g_assert (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (clock->start_time));

  if (clock->owner->format) {
    clock->start_time = GST_TIMEVAL_TO_TIME (timeval) + clock->adjust - clock->get_time (clock->owner);
  } else {
    clock->start_time = GST_TIMEVAL_TO_TIME (timeval) + clock->adjust;
  }
}
void
gst_alsa_clock_stop (GstAlsaClock *clock)
{
  GTimeVal timeval;
  g_get_current_time (&timeval);

  g_assert (GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (clock->start_time));

  clock->adjust += GST_TIMEVAL_TO_TIME (timeval) - clock->start_time - clock->get_time (clock->owner);
  clock->start_time = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
}
static GstClockTime
gst_alsa_clock_get_internal_time (GstClock *clock)
{
  GstAlsaClock *alsa_clock = GST_ALSA_CLOCK (clock);
  
  if (GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (alsa_clock->start_time)) {
    return alsa_clock->get_time (alsa_clock->owner) + alsa_clock->start_time;
  } else {
    GTimeVal timeval;
    g_get_current_time (&timeval);
    return GST_TIMEVAL_TO_TIME (timeval) + alsa_clock->adjust;
  }
}
static guint64
gst_alsa_clock_get_resolution (GstClock *clock)
{
  GstAlsaClock *this = GST_ALSA_CLOCK (clock);

  if (this->owner->format) {
    return GST_SECOND / this->owner->format->rate;
  } else {
    /* FIXME: is there an "unknown" value? We just return the sysclock's time by default */
    return 1 * GST_USECOND;
  }
}
static GstClockEntryStatus
gst_alsa_clock_wait (GstClock *clock, GstClockEntry *entry)
{
  GstClockTime target, entry_time;
  GstClockTimeDiff diff;
  GstAlsaClock *this = GST_ALSA_CLOCK (clock);

  entry_time = gst_alsa_clock_get_internal_time (clock);
  diff = GST_CLOCK_ENTRY_TIME (entry) - gst_clock_get_time (clock);

  if (diff < 0)
    return GST_CLOCK_ENTRY_EARLY;
    
  if (diff > clock->max_diff) {
    g_warning ("GstAlsaClock: abnormal clock request diff: %" G_GINT64_FORMAT") >"
               "  %"G_GINT64_FORMAT, diff, clock->max_diff);
    return GST_CLOCK_ENTRY_EARLY;
  }
  
  target = entry_time + diff;

  GST_DEBUG (GST_CAT_CLOCK, "real_target %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
		            " target %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT
			    " now %" G_GUINT64_FORMAT,
                            target, GST_CLOCK_ENTRY_TIME (entry), entry_time);

  while (gst_alsa_clock_get_internal_time (clock) < target && 
         this->last_unlock < entry_time) {
    g_usleep (gst_alsa_clock_get_resolution (clock) * G_USEC_PER_SEC / GST_SECOND);
  }

  return entry->status;
}
static void
gst_alsa_clock_unlock (GstClock *clock, GstClockEntry *entry)
{
  GstAlsaClock *this = GST_ALSA_CLOCK (clock);

  this->last_unlock = this->get_time (this->owner);
}
static GstClockTime
gst_alsa_sink_get_time (GstAlsa *this)
{
  snd_pcm_sframes_t delay;
  
  if (snd_pcm_delay (this->handle, &delay) == 0) {
    return GST_SECOND * (GstClockTime) (this->transmitted > delay ? this->transmitted - delay : 0) / this->format->rate;
  } else {
    return 0;
  }
}
static GstClockTime 
gst_alsa_src_get_time (GstAlsa *this)
{
  snd_pcm_sframes_t delay;
  
  if (snd_pcm_delay (this->handle, &delay) == 0) {
    return GST_SECOND * (this->transmitted + delay) / this->format->rate;
  } else {
    return 0;
  }
}
static GstClock *
gst_alsa_get_clock (GstElement *element)
{
  return GST_CLOCK (GST_ALSA (element)->clock);
}
static void 
gst_alsa_set_clock (GstElement *element, GstClock *clock)
{
  /* we only must have this function so everybody knows we use a clock */
}

/*** FORMAT FUNCTIONS *********************************************************/
/* ALL THES FUNCTIONS ASSUME this->format != NULL */

static inline snd_pcm_uframes_t
gst_alsa_timestamp_to_samples (GstAlsa *this, GstClockTime time)
{
  return (snd_pcm_uframes_t) ((time * this->format->rate + this->format->rate / 2) / GST_SECOND);
}
static inline GstClockTime
gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp (GstAlsa *this, snd_pcm_uframes_t samples)
{
  return (GstClockTime) (samples * GST_SECOND / this->format->rate);
}

static inline snd_pcm_uframes_t
gst_alsa_bytes_to_samples (GstAlsa *this, guint bytes)
{
  return bytes / (snd_pcm_format_physical_width (this->format->format) / 8) / (GST_ELEMENT (this)->numpads == 1 ? this->format->channels : 1);
}
static inline guint
gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes (GstAlsa *this, snd_pcm_uframes_t samples)
{
  return samples * snd_pcm_format_physical_width (this->format->format) / 8 * (GST_ELEMENT (this)->numpads == 1 ? this->format->channels : 1);
}
static inline GstClockTime
gst_alsa_bytes_to_timestamp (GstAlsa *this, guint bytes)
{
  return gst_alsa_samples_to_timestamp (this, gst_alsa_bytes_to_samples (this, bytes));
}
static inline guint
gst_alsa_timestamp_to_bytes (GstAlsa *this, GstClockTime time)
{
  return gst_alsa_samples_to_bytes (this, gst_alsa_timestamp_to_samples (this, time));
}


/*** GSTREAMER PLUGIN *********************************************************/

static gboolean
plugin_init (GModule * module, GstPlugin * plugin)
{
  GstElementFactory *factory;

  if (!gst_library_load ("gstbytestream"))
    return FALSE;

  factory = gst_element_factory_new ("alsasrc", GST_TYPE_ALSA_SRC, &gst_alsa_src_details);
  g_return_val_if_fail (factory != NULL, FALSE);
  gst_element_factory_add_pad_template (factory, gst_alsa_src_pad_factory ());
  gst_element_factory_add_pad_template (factory, gst_alsa_src_request_pad_factory ());
  gst_plugin_add_feature (plugin, GST_PLUGIN_FEATURE (factory));

  factory = gst_element_factory_new ("alsasink", GST_TYPE_ALSA_SINK, &gst_alsa_sink_details);
  g_return_val_if_fail (factory != NULL, FALSE);
  gst_element_factory_add_pad_template (factory, gst_alsa_sink_pad_factory ());
  gst_element_factory_add_pad_template (factory, gst_alsa_sink_request_pad_factory ());
  gst_plugin_add_feature (plugin, GST_PLUGIN_FEATURE (factory));

  gst_plugin_set_longname (plugin, "ALSA plugin library");

  return TRUE;
}

GstPluginDesc plugin_desc = {
  GST_VERSION_MAJOR,
  GST_VERSION_MINOR,
  "alsa",
  plugin_init
};