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README
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(Last updated on Fri 30 jan 2009, version 0.10.1.1)
This HOWTO describes the basic usage of the GStreamer RTSP libraries and how you
can build simple server applications with it.
* General
The server relies heavily on the RTSP infrastructure of GStreamer. This includes
all of the media acquisition, decoding, encoding, payloading and UDP/TCP
streaming. We use the gstrtpbin element for all the session management. Most of
the RTSP message parsing and construction in the server is done using the RTSP
library that comes with gst-plugins-base.
The result is that the server is rather small (a few 1000 lines of code) and easy
to understand and extend. In its current state of development, things change
fast, API and ABI are unstable. We encourage people to use it for their various
use cases and participate by suggesting changes/features.
Most of the server is built as a library containing a bunch of GObject objects
that provide reasonable default functionality but has a fair amount of hooks
to override the default behaviour.
The server currently integrates with the glib mainloop nicely. It is also a
heavy user of multiple threads. It's currently not meant to be used in
high-load scenarios and you should probably not put it on a public IP address.
* Initialisation
You need to initialize GStreamer before using any of the RTSP server functions.
#include <gst/gst.h>
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
gst_init (&argc, &argv);
...
}
The server itself currently does not have any specific initialisation function
but that might change in the future.
* Creating the server
The first thing you want to do is create a new GstRTSPServer object. This object
will handle all the new client connections to your server once it is added to a
GMainLoop. You can create a new server object like this:
#include <gst/rtsp-server/rtsp-server.h>
GstRTSPServer *server;
server = gst_rtsp_server_new ();
The server will by default listen on port 8554 for new connections. This can be
changed by calling gst_rtsp_server_set_service() or with the 'service' GObject
property. This makes it possible to run multiple server instances listening on
multiple ports on one machine.
We can make the server start listening on its default port by attaching it to a
mainloop. The following example shows how this is done and will start a server
on the default 8554 port. For any request we make, we will get a NOT_FOUND
error code because we need to configure more things before the server becomes
useful.
#include <gst/gst.h>
#include <gst/rtsp-server/rtsp-server.h>
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
GstRTSPServer *server;
GMainLoop *loop;
gst_init (&argc, &argv);
server = gst_rtsp_server_new ();
/* make a mainloop for the default context */
loop = g_main_loop_new (NULL, FALSE);
/* attach the server to the default maincontext */
gst_rtsp_server_attach (server, NULL);
/* start serving */
g_main_loop_run (loop);
}
The server manages two other objects: GstRTSPSessionPool and
GstRTSPMediaMapping.
The GstRTSPSessionPool is an object that keeps track of all the active sessions
in the server. A session will usually be kept for each client that performed a
SETUP request for a certain media stream. It contains the configuration that
the client negotiated with the server to receive the particular stream, ie. the
transport used and port pairs for UDP along with the state of the streaming.
The default implementation of the session pool is usually sufficient but
alternative implementation can be used by the server.
The GstRTSPMediaMapping object is more interesting and needs more configuration
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before the server object is useful. This object manages the mapping from a
request URL to a specific stream and its configuration. We explain in the next
topic how to configure this object.
* Making url mappings
Next we need to define what media is attached to a particular URL. What we want
to achieve is that when the user asks our server for a specific URL, say /test,
that we create (or reuse) a GStreamer pipeline that produces one or more RTP
streams.
The object that can create such pipeline is called a GstRTSPMediaFactory object.
The default implementation of GstRTSPMediaFactory allows you to easily create
GStreamer pipelines using the gst-launch syntax. It possible to create a
GstRTSPMediaFactory subclass that uses different methods for constructing
pipelines.
The default GstRTSPMediaFactory can be configured with a gst-launch line that
produces a toplevel bin (use '(' and ')' around the pipeline description to
force a toplevel GstBin instead of the default GstPipeline toplevel element).
The pipeline description should contain elements named payN, one for each
stream (ex. pay0, pay1, ...). Also, for increased compatibility each stream
should have a different payload type which can be configured on the payloader.
The following code snippet illustrates how to create a media factory that
creates an RTP feed of an H264 encoded test video signal.
GstRTSPMediaFactory *factory;
factory = gst_rtsp_media_factory_new ();
gst_rtsp_media_factory_set_launch (factory,
"( videotestsrc ! x264enc ! rtph264pay pt=96 name=pay0 )");
Now that we have the media factory, we can attach it to a specific url. To do
this we get the default GstRTSPMediaMapping from our server and add the url to
factory mapping to it like this:
GstRTSPMediaMapping *mapping;
...create server..create factory..
/* get the default mapping from the server */
mapping = gst_rtsp_server_get_media_mapping (server);
/* attach the video test signal to the "/test" URL */
gst_rtsp_media_mapping_add_factory (mapping, "/test", factory);
g_object_unref (mapping);
When starting the server now and directing an RTP client to the URL (like with
vlc, mplayer or gstreamer):
rtsp://localhost:8554/test
a test signal will be streamed to the client. The full example code can be
found in the examples/test-readme.c file.
Note that by default the factory will create a new pipeline for each client. If
you want to share a pipeline between clients, use
gst_rtsp_media_factory_set_shared().
* more on GstRTSPMediaFactory
The GstRTSPMediaFactory is responsible for creating and caching GstRTSPMedia
objects.
A freshly created GstRTSPMedia object from the factory initialy only contains a
GstElement containing the elements to produce the RTP streams for the media and
a GArray of GstRTSPMediaStream objects describing the payloader and its source
pad. The media is unprepared in this state.
Usually the url will determine what kind of pipeline should be created. You can
for example use query parameters to configure certain parts of the pipeline or
select encoders and payloaders based on some url pattern.
When dealing with a live stream from, for example, a webcam, it can be
interesting to share the pipeline with multiple clients. This must be done when
only one instance of the video capture element can be used at a time. In this
case, the shared property of GstRTSPMedia must be used to instruct the default
GstRTSPMediaFactory implementation to cache the media.
When all objects created from a factory can be shared, you can set the shared
property directly on the factory.
* more on GstRTSPMedia
After creating the GstRTSPMedia object from the factory, it can be prepared
with gst_rtsp_media_prepare(). This method will put those objects in a
GstPipeline and will construct and link the streaming elements and the
gstrtpbin session manager object.
The _prepare() method will then preroll the pipeline in order to figure out the
caps on the payloaders. After the GstRTSPMedia prerolled it will be in the
prepared state and can be used for creating SDP files or for streaming to
clients.
The prepare method will also create 2 UDP ports for each stream that can be
used for sending and receiving RTP/RTCP from clients. These port numbers will
have to be negotiated with the client in the SETUP requests.
When preparing a GstRTSPMedia, a multifdsink is also constructed for streaming
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the stream over TCP when requested.
* the GstRTSPClient object
When a server detects a new client connection on its port, it will call its
accept_client vmethod. The default implementation of this function will create
a new GstRTCPClient object, will configure the session pool and media mapper
objects in it and will then call the accept function of the client.
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The default GstRTSPClient will accept the connection and will attach a watch to
the server mainloop. In RTSP it is usual to keep the connection
open between multiple RTSP requests. The client watch will be dispatched by the
server mainloop when a new GstRTSPMessage is received, which will then be
handled and a response will be sent.
The GstRTSPClient object remains alive for as long as a client has a TCP
connection open with the server. Since is possible for a client to open and close
the TCP connection between requests, we cannot store the state related
to the configured RTSP session in the GstRTSPClient object. This server state
is instead stored in the GstRTSPSession object.
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* GstRTSPSession
This object contains state about a specific RTSP session identified with a
session id. This state contains the configured streams and their associated
transports.
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When a GstRTSPClient performs a SETUP request, the server will allocate a new
GstRTSPSession with a unique session id from the GstRTSPSessionPool. The pool
maintains a list of all existing sessions and makes sure that no session id is
used multiple times. The session id is sent to the client so that the client
can refer to its previously configured state by sending the session id in
further requests.
A client will then use the session id to configure one or more streams,
identified by their url. This information is kept in a GstRTSPSessionMedia
structure that is refered to from the GstRTSPSession.
* GstRTSPSessionMedia and GstRTSPSessionStream
A GstRTSPSessionMedia is identified by a URL and is referenced by a
GstRTSPSession. It is created as soon as a client performs a SETUP operation on
a particular URL. It will contain a link to the GstRTSPMedia object associated
with the URL along with the state of the media and the configured transports
for each of the streams in the media.
Each SETUP request performed by the client will configure a
GstRTSPSessionStream object linked to by the GstRTSPSessionMedia structure.
It will contain the transport information needed to send this stream to the
client. The GstRTSPSessionStream also contains a link to the GstRTSPMediaStream
object that generates the actual data to be streamed to the client.
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Note how GstRTSPMedia and GstRTSPMediaStream (the providers of the data to
stream) are decoupled from GstRTSPSessionMedia and GstRTSPSessionStream (the
configuration of how to send this stream to a client) in order to be able to
send the data of one GstRTSPMedia to multiple clients.
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* media control
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After a client has configured the transports for a GstRTSPMedia and its
GstRTSPMediaStreams, the client can play/pause/stop the stream.
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The GstRTSPMedia object was prepared in the DESCRIBE call (or during SETUP when
the client skipped the DESCRIBE request). As seen earlier, this configures a
couple of multiudpsink and udpsrc elements to respectively send and receive the
media to clients.
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When a client performs a PLAY request, its configured destination UDP ports are
added to the GstRTSPMediaStream target destinations, at which point data will
be sent to the client. The corresponding GstRTSPMedia object will be set to the
PLAYING state if it was not allready in order to send the data to the
destination.
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The server needs to prepare an RTP-Info header field in the PLAY response,
which consists of the sequence number and the RTP timestamp of the next RTP
packet. In order to achive this, the server queries the payloaders for this
information when it prerolled the pipeline.
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When a client performs a PAUSE request, the destination UDP ports are removed
from the GstRTSPMediaStream object and the GstRTSPMedia object is set to PAUSED
if no other destinations are configured anymore.
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* seeking
A seek is performed when a client sends a Range header in the PLAY request.
This only works when not dealing with shared (live) streams.
The server performs a GStreamer flushing seek on the media, waits for the
pipeline to preroll again and then responds to the client after collecting the
new RTP sequence number and timestamp from the payloaders.
* session management
The server has to react to clients that suddenly disappear because of network
problems or otherwise. It needs to make sure that it can reasonable free the
resources that are used by the various objects in use for streaming when the
client appears to be gone.
Each of the GstRTSPSession objects managed by a GstRTSPSessionPool has
therefore a last_access field that contains the timestamp of when activity from
a client was last recorded.
Various ways exist to detect activity from a client:
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- RTSP keepalive requests. When a client is receiving RTP data, the RTSP TCP
connection is largely unused. It is the client responsability to
periodically send keep-alive requests over the TCP channel.
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Whenever a keep-alive request is received by the server (any request that
contains a session id, usually an OPTION or GET_PARAMETER request) the
last_access of the session is updated.
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- Since it is not required for a client to keep the RTSP TCP connection open
while streaming, gst-rtsp-server also detects activity from clients by
looking at the RTCP messages it receives.
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When an RTCP message is received from a client, the server looks in its list
of active ports if this message originates from a known host/port pair that
is currently active in a GstRTSPSession. If this is the case, the session is
kept alive.
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Since the server does not know anything about the port number that will be
used by the client to send RTCP, this method does not always work. Later
RTSP RFCs will include support for negotiating this port number with the
server. Most clients however use the same port number for sending and
receiving RTCP exactly for this reason.
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If there was no activity in a particular session for a long time (by default 60
seconds), the sessionpool will destroy the session along with all related
objects and media as if a TEARDOWN happened from the client.
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* TEARDOWN
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A TEARDOWN request will first location the GstRTSPSessionMedia of the URL. It
will then remove all transports from the streams, making sure that streaming
stops to the client. It will then remove the GstRTSPSessionMedia and
GstRTSPSessionStream structures. Finally the GstRTSPSession is released back
into the pool.
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When there are no more references to the GstRTSPMedia, the media pipeline is
shut down and destroyed.