actix-web/src/error.rs

//! Error and Result module
use std::io::Error as IoError;
use std::str::Utf8Error;
use std::string::FromUtf8Error;
use std::sync::Mutex;
use std::{fmt, io, result};

use actix::{MailboxError, SendError};
use cookie;
use failure::{self, Backtrace, Fail};
use futures::Canceled;
use http::uri::InvalidUri;
use http::{header, Error as HttpError, StatusCode};
use http2::Error as Http2Error;
use httparse;
use serde::de::value::Error as DeError;
use serde_json::error::Error as JsonError;
use serde_urlencoded::ser::Error as FormError;
use tokio_timer::Error as TimerError;
pub use url::ParseError as UrlParseError;

// re-exports
pub use cookie::ParseError as CookieParseError;

use handler::Responder;
use httprequest::HttpRequest;
use httpresponse::{HttpResponse, HttpResponseParts};

/// A specialized [`Result`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html)
/// for actix web operations
///
/// This typedef is generally used to avoid writing out
/// `actix_web::error::Error` directly and is otherwise a direct mapping to
/// `Result`.
pub type Result<T, E = Error> = result::Result<T, E>;

/// General purpose actix web error.
///
/// An actix web error is used to carry errors from `failure` or `std::error`
/// through actix in a convenient way.  It can be created through
/// converting errors with `into()`.
///
/// Whenever it is created from an external object a response error is created
/// for it that can be used to create an http response from it this means that
/// if you have access to an actix `Error` you can always get a
/// `ResponseError` reference from it.
pub struct Error {
    cause: Box<ResponseError>,
    backtrace: Option<Backtrace>,
}

impl Error {
    /// Deprecated way to reference the underlying response error.
    #[deprecated(
        since = "0.6.0",
        note = "please use `Error::as_response_error()` instead"
    )]
    pub fn cause(&self) -> &ResponseError {
        self.cause.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the underlying cause of this `Error` as `Fail`
    pub fn as_fail(&self) -> &Fail {
        self.cause.as_fail()
    }

    /// Returns the reference to the underlying `ResponseError`.
    pub fn as_response_error(&self) -> &ResponseError {
        self.cause.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the Backtrace carried by this error, if it
    /// carries one.
    ///
    /// This uses the same `Backtrace` type that `failure` uses.
    pub fn backtrace(&self) -> &Backtrace {
        if let Some(bt) = self.cause.backtrace() {
            bt
        } else {
            self.backtrace.as_ref().unwrap()
        }
    }

    /// Attempts to downcast this `Error` to a particular `Fail` type by
    /// reference.
    ///
    /// If the underlying error is not of type `T`, this will return `None`.
    pub fn downcast_ref<T: Fail>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        // in the most trivial way the cause is directly of the requested type.
        if let Some(rv) = Fail::downcast_ref(self.cause.as_fail()) {
            return Some(rv);
        }

        // in the more complex case the error has been constructed from a failure
        // error.  This happens because we implement From<failure::Error> by
        // calling compat() and then storing it here.  In failure this is
        // represented by a failure::Error being wrapped in a failure::Compat.
        //
        // So we first downcast into that compat, to then further downcast through
        // the failure's Error downcasting system into the original failure.
        let compat: Option<&failure::Compat<failure::Error>> =
            Fail::downcast_ref(self.cause.as_fail());
        compat.and_then(|e| e.get_ref().downcast_ref())
    }
}

/// Helper trait to downcast a response error into a fail.
///
/// This is currently not exposed because it's unclear if this is the best way
/// to achieve the downcasting on `Error` for which this is needed.
#[doc(hidden)]
pub trait InternalResponseErrorAsFail {
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn as_fail(&self) -> &Fail;
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn as_mut_fail(&mut self) -> &mut Fail;
}

#[doc(hidden)]
impl<T: ResponseError> InternalResponseErrorAsFail for T {
    fn as_fail(&self) -> &Fail {
        self
    }
    fn as_mut_fail(&mut self) -> &mut Fail {
        self
    }
}

/// Error that can be converted to `HttpResponse`
pub trait ResponseError: Fail + InternalResponseErrorAsFail {
    /// Create response for error
    ///
    /// Internal server error is generated by default.
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
    }
}

impl<T> ResponseError for SendError<T>
where T: Send + Sync + 'static {
}

impl fmt::Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.cause, f)
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        if let Some(bt) = self.cause.backtrace() {
            write!(f, "{:?}\n\n{:?}", &self.cause, bt)
        } else {
            write!(
                f,
                "{:?}\n\n{:?}",
                &self.cause,
                self.backtrace.as_ref().unwrap()
            )
        }
    }
}

/// Convert `Error` to a `HttpResponse` instance
impl From<Error> for HttpResponse {
    fn from(err: Error) -> Self {
        HttpResponse::from_error(err)
    }
}

/// `Error` for any error that implements `ResponseError`
impl<T: ResponseError> From<T> for Error {
    fn from(err: T) -> Error {
        let backtrace = if err.backtrace().is_none() {
            Some(Backtrace::new())
        } else {
            None
        };
        Error {
            cause: Box::new(err),
            backtrace,
        }
    }
}

/// Compatibility for `failure::Error`
impl<T> ResponseError for failure::Compat<T> where
    T: fmt::Display + fmt::Debug + Sync + Send + 'static
{}

impl From<failure::Error> for Error {
    fn from(err: failure::Error) -> Error {
        err.compat().into()
    }
}

/// `InternalServerError` for `JsonError`
impl ResponseError for JsonError {}

/// `InternalServerError` for `FormError`
impl ResponseError for FormError {}

/// `InternalServerError` for `TimerError`
impl ResponseError for TimerError {}

/// `InternalServerError` for `UrlParseError`
impl ResponseError for UrlParseError {}

/// Return `BAD_REQUEST` for `de::value::Error`
impl ResponseError for DeError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

/// Return `BAD_REQUEST` for `Utf8Error`
impl ResponseError for Utf8Error {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

/// Return `InternalServerError` for `HttpError`,
/// Response generation can return `HttpError`, so it is internal error
impl ResponseError for HttpError {}

/// Return `InternalServerError` for `io::Error`
impl ResponseError for io::Error {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        match self.kind() {
            io::ErrorKind::NotFound => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND),
            io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::FORBIDDEN),
            _ => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR),
        }
    }
}

/// `BadRequest` for `InvalidHeaderValue`
impl ResponseError for header::InvalidHeaderValue {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

/// `BadRequest` for `InvalidHeaderValue`
impl ResponseError for header::InvalidHeaderValueBytes {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

/// `InternalServerError` for `futures::Canceled`
impl ResponseError for Canceled {}

/// `InternalServerError` for `actix::MailboxError`
impl ResponseError for MailboxError {}

/// A set of errors that can occur during parsing HTTP streams
#[derive(Fail, Debug)]
pub enum ParseError {
    /// An invalid `Method`, such as `GE.T`.
    #[fail(display = "Invalid Method specified")]
    Method,
    /// An invalid `Uri`, such as `exam ple.domain`.
    #[fail(display = "Uri error: {}", _0)]
    Uri(InvalidUri),
    /// An invalid `HttpVersion`, such as `HTP/1.1`
    #[fail(display = "Invalid HTTP version specified")]
    Version,
    /// An invalid `Header`.
    #[fail(display = "Invalid Header provided")]
    Header,
    /// A message head is too large to be reasonable.
    #[fail(display = "Message head is too large")]
    TooLarge,
    /// A message reached EOF, but is not complete.
    #[fail(display = "Message is incomplete")]
    Incomplete,
    /// An invalid `Status`, such as `1337 ELITE`.
    #[fail(display = "Invalid Status provided")]
    Status,
    /// A timeout occurred waiting for an IO event.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[fail(display = "Timeout")]
    Timeout,
    /// An `io::Error` that occurred while trying to read or write to a network
    /// stream.
    #[fail(display = "IO error: {}", _0)]
    Io(#[cause] IoError),
    /// Parsing a field as string failed
    #[fail(display = "UTF8 error: {}", _0)]
    Utf8(#[cause] Utf8Error),
}

/// Return `BadRequest` for `ParseError`
impl ResponseError for ParseError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

impl From<IoError> for ParseError {
    fn from(err: IoError) -> ParseError {
        ParseError::Io(err)
    }
}

impl From<InvalidUri> for ParseError {
    fn from(err: InvalidUri) -> ParseError {
        ParseError::Uri(err)
    }
}

impl From<Utf8Error> for ParseError {
    fn from(err: Utf8Error) -> ParseError {
        ParseError::Utf8(err)
    }
}

impl From<FromUtf8Error> for ParseError {
    fn from(err: FromUtf8Error) -> ParseError {
        ParseError::Utf8(err.utf8_error())
    }
}

impl From<httparse::Error> for ParseError {
    fn from(err: httparse::Error) -> ParseError {
        match err {
            httparse::Error::HeaderName
            | httparse::Error::HeaderValue
            | httparse::Error::NewLine
            | httparse::Error::Token => ParseError::Header,
            httparse::Error::Status => ParseError::Status,
            httparse::Error::TooManyHeaders => ParseError::TooLarge,
            httparse::Error::Version => ParseError::Version,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Fail, Debug)]
/// A set of errors that can occur during payload parsing
pub enum PayloadError {
    /// A payload reached EOF, but is not complete.
    #[fail(display = "A payload reached EOF, but is not complete.")]
    Incomplete,
    /// Content encoding stream corruption
    #[fail(display = "Can not decode content-encoding.")]
    EncodingCorrupted,
    /// A payload reached size limit.
    #[fail(display = "A payload reached size limit.")]
    Overflow,
    /// A payload length is unknown.
    #[fail(display = "A payload length is unknown.")]
    UnknownLength,
    /// Io error
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    Io(#[cause] IoError),
    /// Http2 error
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    Http2(#[cause] Http2Error),
}

impl From<IoError> for PayloadError {
    fn from(err: IoError) -> PayloadError {
        PayloadError::Io(err)
    }
}

/// `PayloadError` returns two possible results:
///
/// - `Overflow` returns `PayloadTooLarge`
/// - Other errors returns `BadRequest`
impl ResponseError for PayloadError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        match *self {
            PayloadError::Overflow => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE),
            _ => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST),
        }
    }
}

/// Return `BadRequest` for `cookie::ParseError`
impl ResponseError for cookie::ParseError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

/// A set of errors that can occur during parsing multipart streams
#[derive(Fail, Debug)]
pub enum MultipartError {
    /// Content-Type header is not found
    #[fail(display = "No Content-type header found")]
    NoContentType,
    /// Can not parse Content-Type header
    #[fail(display = "Can not parse Content-Type header")]
    ParseContentType,
    /// Multipart boundary is not found
    #[fail(display = "Multipart boundary is not found")]
    Boundary,
    /// Multipart stream is incomplete
    #[fail(display = "Multipart stream is incomplete")]
    Incomplete,
    /// Error during field parsing
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    Parse(#[cause] ParseError),
    /// Payload error
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    Payload(#[cause] PayloadError),
}

impl From<ParseError> for MultipartError {
    fn from(err: ParseError) -> MultipartError {
        MultipartError::Parse(err)
    }
}

impl From<PayloadError> for MultipartError {
    fn from(err: PayloadError) -> MultipartError {
        MultipartError::Payload(err)
    }
}

/// Return `BadRequest` for `MultipartError`
impl ResponseError for MultipartError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

/// Error during handling `Expect` header
#[derive(Fail, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub enum ExpectError {
    /// Expect header value can not be converted to utf8
    #[fail(display = "Expect header value can not be converted to utf8")]
    Encoding,
    /// Unknown expect value
    #[fail(display = "Unknown expect value")]
    UnknownExpect,
}

impl ResponseError for ExpectError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::with_body(StatusCode::EXPECTATION_FAILED, "Unknown Expect")
    }
}

/// A set of error that can occure during parsing content type
#[derive(Fail, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub enum ContentTypeError {
    /// Can not parse content type
    #[fail(display = "Can not parse content type")]
    ParseError,
    /// Unknown content encoding
    #[fail(display = "Unknown content encoding")]
    UnknownEncoding,
}

/// Return `BadRequest` for `ContentTypeError`
impl ResponseError for ContentTypeError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

/// A set of errors that can occur during parsing urlencoded payloads
#[derive(Fail, Debug)]
pub enum UrlencodedError {
    /// Can not decode chunked transfer encoding
    #[fail(display = "Can not decode chunked transfer encoding")]
    Chunked,
    /// Payload size is bigger than allowed. (default: 256kB)
    #[fail(
        display = "Urlencoded payload size is bigger than allowed. (default: 256kB)"
    )]
    Overflow,
    /// Payload size is now known
    #[fail(display = "Payload size is now known")]
    UnknownLength,
    /// Content type error
    #[fail(display = "Content type error")]
    ContentType,
    /// Parse error
    #[fail(display = "Parse error")]
    Parse,
    /// Payload error
    #[fail(display = "Error that occur during reading payload: {}", _0)]
    Payload(#[cause] PayloadError),
}

/// Return `BadRequest` for `UrlencodedError`
impl ResponseError for UrlencodedError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        match *self {
            UrlencodedError::Overflow => {
                HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE)
            }
            UrlencodedError::UnknownLength => {
                HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::LENGTH_REQUIRED)
            }
            _ => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST),
        }
    }
}

impl From<PayloadError> for UrlencodedError {
    fn from(err: PayloadError) -> UrlencodedError {
        UrlencodedError::Payload(err)
    }
}

/// A set of errors that can occur during parsing json payloads
#[derive(Fail, Debug)]
pub enum JsonPayloadError {
    /// Payload size is bigger than allowed. (default: 256kB)
    #[fail(display = "Json payload size is bigger than allowed. (default: 256kB)")]
    Overflow,
    /// Content type error
    #[fail(display = "Content type error")]
    ContentType,
    /// Deserialize error
    #[fail(display = "Json deserialize error: {}", _0)]
    Deserialize(#[cause] JsonError),
    /// Payload error
    #[fail(display = "Error that occur during reading payload: {}", _0)]
    Payload(#[cause] PayloadError),
}

/// Return `BadRequest` for `UrlencodedError`
impl ResponseError for JsonPayloadError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        match *self {
            JsonPayloadError::Overflow => {
                HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE)
            }
            _ => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST),
        }
    }
}

impl From<PayloadError> for JsonPayloadError {
    fn from(err: PayloadError) -> JsonPayloadError {
        JsonPayloadError::Payload(err)
    }
}

impl From<JsonError> for JsonPayloadError {
    fn from(err: JsonError) -> JsonPayloadError {
        JsonPayloadError::Deserialize(err)
    }
}

/// Error type returned when reading body as lines.
pub enum ReadlinesError {
    /// Error when decoding a line.
    EncodingError,
    /// Payload error.
    PayloadError(PayloadError),
    /// Line limit exceeded.
    LimitOverflow,
    /// ContentType error.
    ContentTypeError(ContentTypeError),
}

impl From<PayloadError> for ReadlinesError {
    fn from(err: PayloadError) -> Self {
        ReadlinesError::PayloadError(err)
    }
}

impl From<ContentTypeError> for ReadlinesError {
    fn from(err: ContentTypeError) -> Self {
        ReadlinesError::ContentTypeError(err)
    }
}

/// Errors which can occur when attempting to interpret a segment string as a
/// valid path segment.
#[derive(Fail, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum UriSegmentError {
    /// The segment started with the wrapped invalid character.
    #[fail(display = "The segment started with the wrapped invalid character")]
    BadStart(char),
    /// The segment contained the wrapped invalid character.
    #[fail(display = "The segment contained the wrapped invalid character")]
    BadChar(char),
    /// The segment ended with the wrapped invalid character.
    #[fail(display = "The segment ended with the wrapped invalid character")]
    BadEnd(char),
}

/// Return `BadRequest` for `UriSegmentError`
impl ResponseError for UriSegmentError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
    }
}

/// Errors which can occur when attempting to generate resource uri.
#[derive(Fail, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum UrlGenerationError {
    /// Resource not found
    #[fail(display = "Resource not found")]
    ResourceNotFound,
    /// Not all path pattern covered
    #[fail(display = "Not all path pattern covered")]
    NotEnoughElements,
    /// URL parse error
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    ParseError(#[cause] UrlParseError),
}

/// `InternalServerError` for `UrlGeneratorError`
impl ResponseError for UrlGenerationError {}

impl From<UrlParseError> for UrlGenerationError {
    fn from(err: UrlParseError) -> Self {
        UrlGenerationError::ParseError(err)
    }
}

/// Errors which can occur when serving static files.
#[derive(Fail, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum StaticFileError {
    /// Path is not a directory
    #[fail(display = "Path is not a directory. Unable to serve static files")]
    IsNotDirectory,
    /// Cannot render directory
    #[fail(display = "Unable to render directory without index file")]
    IsDirectory,
}

/// Return `NotFound` for `StaticFileError`
impl ResponseError for StaticFileError {
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)
    }
}

/// Helper type that can wrap any error and generate custom response.
///
/// In following example any `io::Error` will be converted into "BAD REQUEST"
/// response as opposite to *INTERNAL SERVER ERROR* which is defined by
/// default.
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate actix_web;
/// # use actix_web::*;
/// use actix_web::fs::NamedFile;
///
/// fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> Result<fs::NamedFile> {
///     let f = NamedFile::open("test.txt").map_err(error::ErrorBadRequest)?;
///     Ok(f)
/// }
/// # fn main() {}
/// ```
pub struct InternalError<T> {
    cause: T,
    status: InternalErrorType,
    backtrace: Backtrace,
}

enum InternalErrorType {
    Status(StatusCode),
    Response(Box<Mutex<Option<HttpResponseParts>>>),
}

impl<T> InternalError<T> {
    /// Create `InternalError` instance
    pub fn new(cause: T, status: StatusCode) -> Self {
        InternalError {
            cause,
            status: InternalErrorType::Status(status),
            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Create `InternalError` with predefined `HttpResponse`.
    pub fn from_response(cause: T, response: HttpResponse) -> Self {
        let resp = response.into_parts();
        InternalError {
            cause,
            status: InternalErrorType::Response(Box::new(Mutex::new(Some(resp)))),
            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Fail for InternalError<T>
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    fn backtrace(&self) -> Option<&Backtrace> {
        Some(&self.backtrace)
    }
}

impl<T> fmt::Debug for InternalError<T>
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + 'static,
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.cause, f)
    }
}

impl<T> fmt::Display for InternalError<T>
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.cause, f)
    }
}

impl<T> ResponseError for InternalError<T>
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
        match self.status {
            InternalErrorType::Status(st) => HttpResponse::new(st),
            InternalErrorType::Response(ref resp) => {
                if let Some(resp) = resp.lock().unwrap().take() {
                    HttpResponse::from_parts(resp)
                } else {
                    HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Responder for InternalError<T>
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    type Item = HttpResponse;
    type Error = Error;

    fn respond_to<S>(self, _: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
        Err(self.into())
    }
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *BAD
/// REQUEST* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorBadRequest<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *UNAUTHORIZED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorUnauthorized<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *PAYMENT_REQUIRED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorPaymentRequired<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::PAYMENT_REQUIRED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *FORBIDDEN*
/// response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorForbidden<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::FORBIDDEN).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *NOT FOUND*
/// response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorNotFound<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::NOT_FOUND).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *METHOD NOT
/// ALLOWED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorMethodNotAllowed<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *NOT
/// ACCEPTABLE* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorNotAcceptable<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::NOT_ACCEPTABLE).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *PROXY
/// AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorProxyAuthenticationRequired<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *REQUEST
/// TIMEOUT* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorRequestTimeout<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::REQUEST_TIMEOUT).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *CONFLICT*
/// response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorConflict<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::CONFLICT).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *GONE*
/// response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorGone<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::GONE).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate *LENGTH
/// REQUIRED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorLengthRequired<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::LENGTH_REQUIRED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *PRECONDITION FAILED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorPreconditionFailed<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::PRECONDITION_FAILED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *PAYLOAD TOO LARGE* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorPayloadTooLarge<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *URI TOO LONG* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorUriTooLong<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::URI_TOO_LONG).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *UNSUPPORTED MEDIA TYPE* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorUnsupportedMediaType<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *RANGE NOT SATISFIABLE* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorRangeNotSatisfiable<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *EXPECTATION FAILED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorExpectationFailed<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::EXPECTATION_FAILED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *IM A TEAPOT* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorImATeapot<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::IM_A_TEAPOT).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *MISDIRECTED REQUEST* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorMisdirectedRequest<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::MISDIRECTED_REQUEST).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *UNPROCESSABLE ENTITY* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorUnprocessableEntity<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *LOCKED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorLocked<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::LOCKED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *FAILED DEPENDENCY* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorFailedDependency<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::FAILED_DEPENDENCY).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *UPGRADE REQUIRED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorUpgradeRequired<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::UPGRADE_REQUIRED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *PRECONDITION REQUIRED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorPreconditionRequired<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::PRECONDITION_REQUIRED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *TOO MANY REQUESTS* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorTooManyRequests<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *REQUEST HEADER FIELDS TOO LARGE* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and generate
/// *UNAVAILABLE FOR LEGAL REASONS* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorUnavailableForLegalReasons<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *INTERNAL SERVER ERROR* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorInternalServerError<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *NOT IMPLEMENTED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorNotImplemented<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::NOT_IMPLEMENTED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *BAD GATEWAY* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorBadGateway<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *SERVICE UNAVAILABLE* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorServiceUnavailable<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *GATEWAY TIMEOUT* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorGatewayTimeout<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::GATEWAY_TIMEOUT).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *HTTP VERSION NOT SUPPORTED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorHttpVersionNotSupported<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *VARIANT ALSO NEGOTIATES* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorVariantAlsoNegotiates<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::VARIANT_ALSO_NEGOTIATES).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *INSUFFICIENT STORAGE* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorInsufficientStorage<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *LOOP DETECTED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorLoopDetected<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::LOOP_DETECTED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *NOT EXTENDED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorNotExtended<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::NOT_EXTENDED).into()
}

/// Helper function that creates wrapper of any error and
/// generate *NETWORK AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED* response.
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn ErrorNetworkAuthenticationRequired<T>(err: T) -> Error
where
    T: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static,
{
    InternalError::new(err, StatusCode::NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED).into()
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use cookie::ParseError as CookieParseError;
    use failure;
    use http::{Error as HttpError, StatusCode};
    use httparse;
    use std::env;
    use std::error::Error as StdError;
    use std::io;

    #[test]
    #[cfg(actix_nightly)]
    fn test_nightly() {
        let resp: HttpResponse =
            IoError::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "test").error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_into_response() {
        let resp: HttpResponse = ParseError::Incomplete.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

        let resp: HttpResponse = CookieParseError::EmptyName.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

        let resp: HttpResponse = MultipartError::Boundary.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

        let err: HttpError = StatusCode::from_u16(10000).err().unwrap().into();
        let resp: HttpResponse = err.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_as_fail() {
        let orig = io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "other");
        let desc = orig.description().to_owned();
        let e = ParseError::Io(orig);
        assert_eq!(format!("{}", e.cause().unwrap()), desc);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_backtrace() {
        let e = ErrorBadRequest("err");
        let _ = e.backtrace();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_error_cause() {
        let orig = io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "other");
        let desc = orig.description().to_owned();
        let e = Error::from(orig);
        assert_eq!(format!("{}", e.as_fail()), desc);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_error_display() {
        let orig = io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "other");
        let desc = orig.description().to_owned();
        let e = Error::from(orig);
        assert_eq!(format!("{}", e), desc);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_error_http_response() {
        let orig = io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "other");
        let e = Error::from(orig);
        let resp: HttpResponse = e.into();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_expect_error() {
        let resp: HttpResponse = ExpectError::Encoding.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::EXPECTATION_FAILED);
        let resp: HttpResponse = ExpectError::UnknownExpect.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::EXPECTATION_FAILED);
    }

    macro_rules! from {
        ($from:expr => $error:pat) => {
            match ParseError::from($from) {
                e @ $error => {
                    assert!(format!("{}", e).len() >= 5);
                }
                e => unreachable!("{:?}", e),
            }
        };
    }

    macro_rules! from_and_cause {
        ($from:expr => $error:pat) => {
            match ParseError::from($from) {
                e @ $error => {
                    let desc = format!("{}", e.cause().unwrap());
                    assert_eq!(desc, $from.description().to_owned());
                }
                _ => unreachable!("{:?}", $from),
            }
        };
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from() {
        from_and_cause!(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "other") => ParseError::Io(..));

        from!(httparse::Error::HeaderName => ParseError::Header);
        from!(httparse::Error::HeaderName => ParseError::Header);
        from!(httparse::Error::HeaderValue => ParseError::Header);
        from!(httparse::Error::NewLine => ParseError::Header);
        from!(httparse::Error::Status => ParseError::Status);
        from!(httparse::Error::Token => ParseError::Header);
        from!(httparse::Error::TooManyHeaders => ParseError::TooLarge);
        from!(httparse::Error::Version => ParseError::Version);
    }

    #[test]
    fn failure_error() {
        const NAME: &str = "RUST_BACKTRACE";
        let old_tb = env::var(NAME);
        env::set_var(NAME, "0");
        let error = failure::err_msg("Hello!");
        let resp: Error = error.into();
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{:?}", resp),
            "Compat { error: ErrorMessage { msg: \"Hello!\" } }\n\n"
        );
        match old_tb {
            Ok(x) => env::set_var(NAME, x),
            _ => env::remove_var(NAME),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_internal_error() {
        let err = InternalError::from_response(
            ExpectError::Encoding,
            HttpResponse::Ok().into(),
        );
        let resp: HttpResponse = err.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_error_downcasting_direct() {
        #[derive(Debug, Fail)]
        #[fail(display = "demo error")]
        struct DemoError;

        impl ResponseError for DemoError {}

        let err: Error = DemoError.into();
        let err_ref: &DemoError = err.downcast_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(err_ref.to_string(), "demo error");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_error_downcasting_compat() {
        #[derive(Debug, Fail)]
        #[fail(display = "demo error")]
        struct DemoError;

        impl ResponseError for DemoError {}

        let err: Error = failure::Error::from(DemoError).into();
        let err_ref: &DemoError = err.downcast_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(err_ref.to_string(), "demo error");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_error_helpers() {
        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorBadRequest("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorUnauthorized("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorPaymentRequired("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::PAYMENT_REQUIRED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorForbidden("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::FORBIDDEN);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorNotFound("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorMethodNotAllowed("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorNotAcceptable("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::NOT_ACCEPTABLE);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorProxyAuthenticationRequired("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorRequestTimeout("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::REQUEST_TIMEOUT);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorConflict("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::CONFLICT);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorGone("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::GONE);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorLengthRequired("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::LENGTH_REQUIRED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorPreconditionFailed("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::PRECONDITION_FAILED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorPayloadTooLarge("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorUriTooLong("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::URI_TOO_LONG);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorUnsupportedMediaType("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorRangeNotSatisfiable("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorExpectationFailed("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::EXPECTATION_FAILED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorImATeapot("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::IM_A_TEAPOT);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorMisdirectedRequest("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::MISDIRECTED_REQUEST);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorUnprocessableEntity("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorLocked("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::LOCKED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorFailedDependency("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::FAILED_DEPENDENCY);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorUpgradeRequired("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::UPGRADE_REQUIRED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorPreconditionRequired("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::PRECONDITION_REQUIRED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorTooManyRequests("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorUnavailableForLegalReasons("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorInternalServerError("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorNotImplemented("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::NOT_IMPLEMENTED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorBadGateway("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorServiceUnavailable("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorGatewayTimeout("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::GATEWAY_TIMEOUT);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorHttpVersionNotSupported("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorVariantAlsoNegotiates("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::VARIANT_ALSO_NEGOTIATES);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorInsufficientStorage("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorLoopDetected("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::LOOP_DETECTED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorNotExtended("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::NOT_EXTENDED);

        let r: HttpResponse = ErrorNetworkAuthenticationRequired("err").into();
        assert_eq!(r.status(), StatusCode::NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED);
    }
}