As we have seen in the previous chapter (GstElement), the pads are the element's links with the outside world. The specific type of media that the element can handle will be exposed by the pads. The description of this media type is done with capabilities (GstCaps) Once you have created an element, you can get one of its pads with: GstPad *srcpad; ... srcpad = gst_element_get_pad (element, "src"); ... This function will get the pad named "src" from the given element. Alternatively, you can request a GList of pads from the element. The following code example will print the names of all the pads of an element. GList *pads; ... pads = gst_element_get_pad_list (element); while (pads) { GstPad *pad = GST_PAD (pads->data); g_print ("pad name %s\n", gst_pad_get_name (pad)); pads = g_list_next (pads); } ... You can get the name of a pad with gst_pad_get_name () and set its name with get_pad_set_name(). gst_pad_get_direction (GstPad *pad) can be used to query if the pad is a sink or a source pad. Remember that a source pad is a pad that can output data and a sink pad is one that accepts data. You can get the parent of the pad, this is the element that this pad belongs to, with get_pad_get_parent(GstPad *pad). This function will return a pointer to a GstElement. Some elements might not have their pads when they are created. This can happen, for example, with an MPEG2 system demultiplexer. The demultiplexer will create its pads at runtime when it detects the different elementary streams in the MPEG2 system stream. Running gst-inspect mpegdemux will show that the element has only one pad: a sink pad called 'sink'. The other pads are "dormant" as you can see in the padtemplates from the 'Exists: Sometimes' property. Depending on the type of MPEG2 file you play, the pads are created. We will see that this is very important when you are going to create dynamic pipelines later on in this manual. You can attach a signal to an element to inform you when the element has created a new pad from one of its padtemplates. The following piece of code is an example of how to do this: static void pad_link_func (GstElement *parser, GstPad *pad, GstElement *pipeline) { g_print("***** a new pad %s was created\n", gst_pad_get_name(pad)); gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PAUSED); if (strncmp (gst_pad_get_name (pad), "private_stream_1.0", 18) == 0) { // set up an AC3 decoder pipeline ... // link pad to the AC3 decoder pipeline ... } gst_element_set_state (GST_ELEMENT (audio_thread), GST_STATE_READY); } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { GstElement *pipeline; GstElement *mpeg2parser; // create pipeline and do something useful ... mpeg2parser = gst_element_factory_make ("mpegdemux", "mpegdemux"); g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (mpeg2parser), "new_pad", pad_link_func, pipeline); ... // start the pipeline gst_element_set_state (GST_ELEMENT (pipeline), GST_STATE_PLAYING); ... } You need to set the pipeline to READY or NULL if you want to change it. An element can also have request pads. These pads are not created automatically but are only created on demand. This is very useful for multiplexers, aggregators and tee elements. The tee element, for example, has one input pad and a request padtemplate for the output pads. Whenever an element wants to get an output pad from the tee element, it has to request the pad. The following piece of code can be used to get a pad from the tee element. After the pad has been requested, it can be used to link another element to it. ... GstPad *pad; ... element = gst_element_factory_make ("tee", "element"); pad = gst_element_get_request_pad (element, "src%d"); g_print ("new pad %s\n", gst_pad_get_name (pad)); ... The gst_element_get_request_pad method can be used to get a pad from the element based on the name_template of the padtemplate. It is also possible to request a pad that is compatible with another pad template. This is very useful if you want to link an element to a multiplexer element and you need to request a pad that is compatible. The gst_element_get_compatible_pad is used to request a compatible pad, as is shown in the next example. ... GstPadTemplate *templ; GstPad *pad; ... element = gst_element_factory_make ("tee", "element"); mad = gst_element_factory_make ("mad", "mad"); templ = gst_element_get_pad_template_by_name (mad, "sink"); pad = gst_element_get_compatible_pad (element, templ); g_print ("new pad %s\n", gst_pad_get_name (pad)); ... Since the pads play a very important role in how the element is viewed by the outside world, a mechanism is implemented to describe the pad by using capabilities. We will briefly describe what capabilities are, enough for you to get a basic understanding of the concepts. You will find more information on how to create capabilities in the Plugin Writer's Guide. A capability is attached to a pad in order to describe what type of media the pad can handle. A capability is named and consists of a MIME type and a set of properties. Its data structure is: struct _GstCaps { gchar *name; /* the name of this caps */ guint16 id; /* type id (major type) */ guint refcount; /* caps are refcounted */ GstProps *properties; /* properties for this capability */ GstCaps *next; /* caps can be chained together */ }; Below is a dump of the capabilities of the element mad, as shown by gst-inspect. You can see two pads: sink and src. Both pads have capability information attached to them. The sink pad (input pad) is called 'sink' and takes data of MIME type 'audio/mp3'. It also has three properties: layer, bitrate and framed. The source pad (output pad) is called 'src' and outputs data of MIME type 'audio/raw'. It also has four properties: format, depth, rate and channels. Pads: SINK template: 'sink' Availability: Always Capabilities: 'mad_sink': MIME type: 'audio/mp3': SRC template: 'src' Availability: Always Capabilities: 'mad_src': MIME type: 'audio/raw': format: String: int endianness: Integer: 1234 width: Integer: 16 depth: Integer: 16 channels: Integer range: 1 - 2 law: Integer: 0 signed: Boolean: TRUE rate: Integer range: 11025 - 48000 Properties are used to describe extra information for capabilities. The properties basically consist of a key (a string) and a value. There are different possibile value types that can be used: An integer value: the property has this exact value. An integer range value. The property denotes a range of possible values. In the case of the mad element, the source pad has a property rate that can go from 11025 to 48000. A boolean value. a fourcc value: this is a value that is commonly used to describe an encoding for video, as used by the AVI specification. A list value: the property can take any value from a list. A float value: the property has this exact floating point value. A float range value: denotes a range of possible floating point values. A string value. Capabilities describe in great detail the type of media that is handled by the pads. They are mostly used for: Autoplugging: automatically finding plugins for a set of capabilities Compatibility detection: when two pads are linked, GStreamer can verify if the two pads are talking about the same media types. A pad can have a chain of capabilities attached to it. You can get the capabilities chain with: GstCaps *caps; ... caps = gst_pad_get_caps (pad); g_print ("pad name %s\n", gst_pad_get_name (pad)); while (caps) { g_print (" Capability name %s, MIME type %s\n", gst_caps_get_name (cap), gst_caps_get_mime (cap)); caps = caps->next; } ... While capabilities are mainly used inside a plugin to describe the media type of the pads, the application programmer also has to have basic understanding of capabilities in order to interface with the plugins, specially when using the autopluggers. As we said, a capability has a name, a mime-type and some properties. The signature of the function to create a new GstCaps structure is: GstCaps* gst_caps_new (const gchar *name, const gchar *mime, GstProps *props); You can therefore create a new capability with no properties like this: GstCaps *newcaps; newcaps = gst_caps_new ("my_caps", "audio/wav", NULL); GstProps basically consist of a set of key-value pairs and are created with a function with this signature: GstProps* gst_props_new (const gchar *firstname, ...); The keys are given as strings and the values are given with a set of macros: GST_PROPS_INT(a): An integer value GST_PROPS_FLOAT(a): A floating point value GST_PROPS_FOURCC(a): A fourcc value GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN(a): A boolean value GST_PROPS_STRING(a): A string value The values can also be specified as ranges with: GST_PROPS_INT_RANGE(a,b): An integer ragne from a to b GST_PROPS_FLOAT_RANGE(a,b): A float ragne from a to b All of the above values can be given with a list too, using: GST_PROPS_LIST(a,...): A list of property values. A more complex capability with properties is created like this: GstCaps *newcaps; newcaps = gst_caps_new ("my_caps", "audio/wav", gst_props_new ( "bitrate", GST_PROPS_INT_RANGE (11025,22050), "depth", GST_PROPS_INT (16), "signed", GST_PROPS_LIST ( GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (TRUE), GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (FALSE) ), NULL ); Optionally, the convenient shortcut macro can be used. The above complex capability can be created with: GstCaps *newcaps; newcaps = GST_CAPS_NEW ("my_caps", "audio/wav", "bitrate", GST_PROPS_INT_RANGE (11025,22050), "depth", GST_PROPS_INT (16), "signed", GST_PROPS_LIST ( GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (TRUE), GST_PROPS_BOOLEAN (FALSE) ) );