The scheduling mode of a pad defines how data is retrieved from (source) or given to (sink) pads. &GStreamer; can operate in two scheduling mode, called push- and pull-mode. &GStreamer; supports elements with pads in any of the scheduling modes where not all pads need to be operating in the same mode. So far, we have only discussed _chain ()-operating elements, i.e. elements that have a chain-function set on their sink pad and push buffers on their source pad(s). We call this the push-mode because a peer element will use gst_pad_push () on a srcpad, which will cause our _chain ()-function to be called, which in turn causes our element to push out a buffer on the source pad. The initiative to start the dataflow happens somewhere upstream when it pushes out a buffer and all downstream elements get scheduled when their _chain ()-functions are called in turn. Before we explain pull-mode scheduling, let's first understand how the different scheduling modes are selected and activated on a pad. During the element state change of READY->PAUSED, the pads of an element will be activated. This happens first on the source pads and then on the sink pads of the element. &GStreamer; calls the _activate () of a pad. By default this function will activate the pad in push-mode by calling gst_pad_activate_mode () with the GST_PAD_MODE_PUSH scheduling mode. It is possible to override the _activate () of a pad and decide on a different scheduling mode. You can know in what scheduling mode a pad is activated by overriding the _activate_mode ()-function. &GStreamer; allows the different pads of an element to operate in different scheduling modes. This allows for many different possible use-cases. What follows is an overview of some typical use-cases. If all pads of an element are activated in push-mode scheduling, the element as a whole is operating in push-mode. For source elements this means that they will have to start a task that pushes out buffers on the source pad to the downstream elements. Downstream elements will have data pushed to them by upstream elements using the sinkpads _chain ()-function which will push out buffers on the source pads. Prerequisites for this scheduling mode are that a chain-function was set for each sinkpad using gst_pad_set_chain_function () and that all downstream elements operate in the same mode. Alternatively, sinkpads can be the driving force behind a pipeline by operating in pull-mode, while the sourcepads of the element still operate in push-mode. In order to be the driving force, those pads start a GstTask when they are activated. This task is a thread, which will call a function specified by the element. When called, this function will have random data access (through gst_pad_pull_range ()) over all sinkpads, and can push data over the sourcepads, which effectively means that this element controls data flow in the pipeline. Prerequisites for this mode are that all downstream elements can act in push mode, and that all upstream elements operate in pull-mode (see below). Source pads can be activated in PULL mode by a downstream element when they return GST_PAD_MODE_PULL from the GST_QUERY_SCHEDULING query. Prerequisites for this scheduling mode are that a getrange-function was set for the source pad using gst_pad_set_getrange_function (). Lastly, all pads in an element can be activated in PULL-mode. However, contrary to the above, this does not mean that they start a task on their own. Rather, it means that they are pull slave for the downstream element, and have to provide random data access to it from their _get_range ()-function. Requirements are that the a _get_range ()-function was set on this pad using the function gst_pad_set_getrange_function (). Also, if the element has any sinkpads, all those pads (and thereby their peers) need to operate in PULL access mode, too. When a sink element is activated in PULL mode, it should start a task that calls gst_pad_pull_range () on its sinkpad. It can only do this when the upstream SCHEDULING query returns support for the GST_PAD_MODE_PULL scheduling mode. In the next two sections, we will go closer into pull-mode scheduling (elements/pads driving the pipeline, and elements/pads providing random access), and some specific use cases will be given. Sinkpads operating in pull-mode, with the sourcepads operating in push-mode (or it has no sourcepads when it is a sink), can start a task that will drive the pipeline data flow. Within this task function, you have random access over all of the sinkpads, and push data over the sourcepads. This can come in useful for several different kinds of elements: Demuxers, parsers and certain kinds of decoders where data comes in unparsed (such as MPEG-audio or video streams), since those will prefer byte-exact (random) access from their input. If possible, however, such elements should be prepared to operate in push-mode mode, too. Certain kind of audio outputs, which require control over their input data flow, such as the Jack sound server. First you need to perform a SCHEDULING query to check if the upstream element(s) support pull-mode scheduling. If that is possible, you can activate the sinkpad in pull-mode. Inside the activate_mode function you can then start the task. #include "filter.h" #include <string.h> static gboolean gst_my_filter_activate (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent); static gboolean gst_my_filter_activate_mode (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent, GstPadMode mode, gboolean active); static void gst_my_filter_loop (GstMyFilter * filter); G_DEFINE_TYPE (GstMyFilter, gst_my_filter, GST_TYPE_ELEMENT); static void gst_my_filter_init (GstMyFilter * filter) { [..] gst_pad_set_activate_function (filter->sinkpad, gst_my_filter_activate); gst_pad_set_activatemode_function (filter->sinkpad, gst_my_filter_activate_mode); [..] } [..] static gboolean gst_my_filter_activate (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent) { GstQuery *query; gboolean pull_mode; /* first check what upstream scheduling is supported */ query = gst_query_new_scheduling (); if (!gst_pad_peer_query (pad, query)) { gst_query_unref (query); goto activate_push; } /* see if pull-mode is supported */ pull_mode = gst_query_has_scheduling_mode_with_flags (query, GST_PAD_MODE_PULL, GST_SCHEDULING_FLAG_SEEKABLE); gst_query_unref (query); if (!pull_mode) goto activate_push; /* now we can activate in pull-mode. GStreamer will also * activate the upstream peer in pull-mode */ return gst_pad_activate_mode (pad, GST_PAD_MODE_PULL, TRUE); activate_push: { /* something not right, we fallback to push-mode */ return gst_pad_activate_mode (pad, GST_PAD_MODE_PUSH, TRUE); } } static gboolean gst_my_filter_activate_pull (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent, GstPadMode mode, gboolean active) { gboolean res; GstMyFilter *filter = GST_MY_FILTER (parent); switch (mode) { case GST_PAD_MODE_PUSH: res = TRUE; break; case GST_PAD_MODE_PULL: if (active) { filter->offset = 0; res = gst_pad_start_task (pad, (GstTaskFunction) gst_my_filter_loop, filter, NULL); } else { res = gst_pad_stop_task (pad); } break; default: /* unknown scheduling mode */ res = FALSE; break; } return res; } Once started, your task has full control over input and output. The most simple case of a task function is one that reads input and pushes that over its source pad. It's not all that useful, but provides some more flexibility than the old push-mode case that we've been looking at so far. #define BLOCKSIZE 2048 static void gst_my_filter_loop (GstMyFilter * filter) { GstFlowReturn ret; guint64 len; GstFormat fmt = GST_FORMAT_BYTES; GstBuffer *buf = NULL; if (!gst_pad_query_duration (filter->sinkpad, fmt, &len)) { GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (filter, "failed to query duration, pausing"); goto stop; } if (filter->offset >= len) { GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (filter, "at end of input, sending EOS, pausing"); gst_pad_push_event (filter->srcpad, gst_event_new_eos ()); goto stop; } /* now, read BLOCKSIZE bytes from byte offset filter->offset */ ret = gst_pad_pull_range (filter->sinkpad, filter->offset, BLOCKSIZE, &buf); if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK) { GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (filter, "pull_range failed: %s", gst_flow_get_name (ret)); goto stop; } /* now push buffer downstream */ ret = gst_pad_push (filter->srcpad, buf); buf = NULL; /* gst_pad_push() took ownership of buffer */ if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK) { GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (filter, "pad_push failed: %s", gst_flow_get_name (ret)); goto stop; } /* everything is fine, increase offset and wait for us to be called again */ filter->offset += BLOCKSIZE; return; stop: GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (filter, "pausing task"); gst_pad_pause_task (filter->sinkpad); } In the previous section, we have talked about how elements (or pads) that are activated to drive the pipeline using their own task, must use pull-mode scheduling on their sinkpads. This means that all pads linked to those pads need to be activated in pull-mode. Source pads activated in pull-mode must implement a _get_range ()-function set using gst_pad_set_getrange_function (), and that function will be called when the peer pad requests some data with gst_pad_pull_range (). The element is then responsible for seeking to the right offset and providing the requested data. Several elements can implement random access: Data sources, such as a file source, that can provide data from any offset with reasonable low latency. Filters that would like to provide a pull-mode scheduling over the whole pipeline. Parsers who can easily provide this by skipping a small part of their input and are thus essentially "forwarding" getrange requests literally without any own processing involved. Examples include tag readers (e.g. ID3) or single output parsers, such as a WAVE parser. The following example will show how a _get_range ()-function can be implemented in a source element: #include "filter.h" static GstFlowReturn gst_my_filter_get_range (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent, guint64 offset, guint length, GstBuffer ** buf); G_DEFINE_TYPE (GstMyFilter, gst_my_filter, GST_TYPE_ELEMENT); static void gst_my_filter_init (GstMyFilter * filter) { [..] gst_pad_set_getrange_function (filter->srcpad, gst_my_filter_get_range); [..] } static GstFlowReturn gst_my_filter_get_range (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent, guint64 offset, guint length, GstBuffer ** buf) { GstMyFilter *filter = GST_MY_FILTER (parent); [.. here, you would fill *buf ..] return GST_FLOW_OK; } In practice, many elements that could theoretically do random access, may in practice often be activated in push-mode scheduling anyway, since there is no downstream element able to start its own task. Therefore, in practice, those elements should implement both a _get_range ()-function and a _chain ()-function (for filters and parsers) or a _get_range ()-function and be prepared to start their own task by providing _activate_* ()-functions (for source elements).