diff --git a/gst/audioparsers/gstbaseparse.c b/gst/audioparsers/gstbaseparse.c
index 90ea9c5079..bec23fff4a 100644
--- a/gst/audioparsers/gstbaseparse.c
+++ b/gst/audioparsers/gstbaseparse.c
@@ -269,6 +269,12 @@ struct _GstBaseParsePrivate
   /* seek events are temporarily kept to match them with newsegments */
   GSList *pending_seeks;
 
+  /* reverse playback */
+  GSList *buffers_pending;
+  GSList *buffers_queued;
+  GstClockTime last_ts;
+  gint64 last_offset;
+
   /* property */
   /* number of initial frames to discard */
   gint skip;
@@ -377,6 +383,24 @@ static void gst_base_parse_drain (GstBaseParse * parse);
 static void gst_base_parse_post_bitrates (GstBaseParse * parse,
     gboolean post_min, gboolean post_avg, gboolean post_max);
 
+static gint64 gst_base_parse_find_offset (GstBaseParse * parse,
+    GstClockTime time, gboolean before, GstClockTime * _ts);
+
+static GstFlowReturn gst_base_parse_process_fragment (GstBaseParse * parse,
+    gboolean push_only);
+
+static void
+gst_base_parse_clear_queues (GstBaseParse * parse)
+{
+  g_slist_foreach (parse->priv->buffers_queued, (GFunc) gst_buffer_unref, NULL);
+  g_slist_free (parse->priv->buffers_queued);
+  parse->priv->buffers_queued = NULL;
+  g_slist_foreach (parse->priv->buffers_pending, (GFunc) gst_buffer_unref,
+      NULL);
+  g_slist_free (parse->priv->buffers_pending);
+  parse->priv->buffers_pending = NULL;
+}
+
 static void
 gst_base_parse_finalize (GObject * object)
 {
@@ -410,6 +434,8 @@ gst_base_parse_finalize (GObject * object)
     parse->priv->index = NULL;
   }
 
+  gst_base_parse_clear_queues (parse);
+
   G_OBJECT_CLASS (parent_class)->finalize (object);
 }
 
@@ -540,6 +566,9 @@ gst_base_parse_reset (GstBaseParse * parse)
   parse->priv->idx_interval = 0;
   parse->priv->exact_position = TRUE;
 
+  parse->priv->last_ts = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
+  parse->priv->last_offset = 0;
+
   if (parse->pending_segment)
     gst_event_unref (parse->pending_segment);
 
@@ -829,11 +858,15 @@ gst_base_parse_sink_eventfunc (GstBaseParse * parse, GstEvent * event)
 
       /* but finish the current segment */
       GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "draining current segment");
-      gst_base_parse_drain (parse);
+      if (parse->segment.rate > 0.0)
+        gst_base_parse_drain (parse);
+      else
+        gst_base_parse_process_fragment (parse, FALSE);
       gst_adapter_clear (parse->adapter);
       parse->priv->offset = offset;
       parse->priv->sync_offset = offset;
       parse->priv->next_ts = next_ts;
+      parse->priv->last_ts = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
       parse->priv->discont = TRUE;
       break;
     }
@@ -849,12 +882,17 @@ gst_base_parse_sink_eventfunc (GstBaseParse * parse, GstEvent * event)
 
     case GST_EVENT_FLUSH_STOP:
       gst_adapter_clear (parse->adapter);
+      gst_base_parse_clear_queues (parse);
       parse->priv->flushing = FALSE;
       parse->priv->discont = TRUE;
+      parse->priv->last_ts = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
       break;
 
     case GST_EVENT_EOS:
-      gst_base_parse_drain (parse);
+      if (parse->segment.rate > 0.0)
+        gst_base_parse_drain (parse);
+      else
+        gst_base_parse_process_fragment (parse, FALSE);
 
       /* If we STILL have zero frames processed, fire an error */
       if (parse->priv->framecount == 0) {
@@ -1402,7 +1440,7 @@ gst_base_parse_push_buffer (GstBaseParse * parse, GstBuffer * buffer)
   gst_buffer_set_caps (buffer, GST_PAD_CAPS (parse->srcpad));
 
   /* segment adjustment magic; only if we are running the whole show */
-  if (!parse->priv->passthrough &&
+  if (!parse->priv->passthrough && parse->segment.rate > 0.0 &&
       (parse->priv->pad_mode == GST_ACTIVATE_PULL ||
           parse->priv->upstream_seekable)) {
     /* segment times are typically estimates,
@@ -1537,14 +1575,22 @@ gst_base_parse_push_buffer (GstBaseParse * parse, GstBuffer * buffer)
     gst_buffer_unref (buffer);
     ret = GST_FLOW_OK;
   } else if (ret == GST_FLOW_OK) {
-    if (G_LIKELY (!parse->priv->skip)) {
-      ret = gst_pad_push (parse->srcpad, buffer);
-      GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "frame (%d bytes) pushed: %s",
-          GST_BUFFER_SIZE (buffer), gst_flow_get_name (ret));
+    if (parse->segment.rate > 0.0) {
+      if (G_LIKELY (!parse->priv->skip)) {
+        ret = gst_pad_push (parse->srcpad, buffer);
+        GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "frame (%d bytes) pushed: %s",
+            GST_BUFFER_SIZE (buffer), gst_flow_get_name (ret));
+      } else {
+        GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "initial frame (%d bytes) discarded",
+            GST_BUFFER_SIZE (buffer));
+        parse->priv->skip--;
+      }
     } else {
-      GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "initial frame (%d bytes) discarded",
+      GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "frame (%d bytes) queued for now: %d",
           GST_BUFFER_SIZE (buffer));
-      parse->priv->skip--;
+      parse->priv->buffers_queued =
+          g_slist_prepend (parse->priv->buffers_queued, buffer);
+      ret = GST_FLOW_OK;
     }
   } else {
     gst_buffer_unref (buffer);
@@ -1602,6 +1648,118 @@ gst_base_parse_drain (GstBaseParse * parse)
   parse->priv->drain = FALSE;
 }
 
+/**
+ * gst_base_parse_process_fragment:
+ * @parse: #GstBaseParse.
+ *
+ * Processes a reverse playback (forward) fragment:
+ * - append head of last fragment that was skipped to current fragment data
+ * - drain the resulting current fragment data (i.e. repeated chain)
+ * - add time/duration (if needed) to frames queued by chain
+ * - push queued data
+ */
+static GstFlowReturn
+gst_base_parse_process_fragment (GstBaseParse * parse, gboolean push_only)
+{
+  GstBuffer *buf;
+  GstFlowReturn ret = GST_FLOW_OK;
+  GSList *send = NULL;
+
+  if (push_only)
+    goto push;
+
+  /* restore order */
+  parse->priv->buffers_pending = g_slist_reverse (parse->priv->buffers_pending);
+  while (parse->priv->buffers_pending) {
+    buf = GST_BUFFER_CAST (parse->priv->buffers_pending->data);
+    GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "adding pending buffer (size %d)",
+        GST_BUFFER_SIZE (buf));
+    gst_adapter_push (parse->adapter, buf);
+    parse->priv->buffers_pending =
+        g_slist_delete_link (parse->priv->buffers_pending,
+        parse->priv->buffers_pending);
+  }
+
+  /* invalidate so no fall-back timestamping is performed;
+   * ok if taken from subclass or upstream */
+  parse->priv->next_ts = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
+  /* prevent it hanging around stop all the time */
+  parse->segment.last_stop = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
+  /* mark next run */
+  parse->priv->discont = TRUE;
+
+  /* chain looks for frames and queues resulting ones (in stead of pushing) */
+  /* initial skipped data is added to buffers_pending */
+  gst_base_parse_drain (parse);
+
+push:
+  /* add metadata (if needed to queued buffers */
+  GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "last timestamp: %" GST_TIME_FORMAT,
+      GST_TIME_ARGS (parse->priv->last_ts));
+  while (parse->priv->buffers_queued) {
+    buf = GST_BUFFER_CAST (parse->priv->buffers_queued->data);
+
+    /* no touching if upstream or parsing provided time */
+    if (GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP_IS_VALID (buf)) {
+      GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "buffer has time %" GST_TIME_FORMAT,
+          GST_TIME_ARGS (GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP (buf)));
+    } else if (GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (parse->priv->last_ts) &&
+        GST_BUFFER_DURATION_IS_VALID (buf)) {
+      if (G_LIKELY (GST_BUFFER_DURATION (buf) <= parse->priv->last_ts))
+        parse->priv->last_ts -= GST_BUFFER_DURATION (buf);
+      else
+        parse->priv->last_ts = 0;
+      GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP (buf) = parse->priv->last_ts;
+      GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "applied time %" GST_TIME_FORMAT,
+          GST_TIME_ARGS (GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP (buf)));
+    } else {
+      /* no idea, very bad */
+      GST_WARNING_OBJECT (parse, "could not determine time for buffer");
+    }
+
+    /* reverse order for ascending sending */
+    send = g_slist_prepend (send, buf);
+    parse->priv->buffers_queued =
+        g_slist_delete_link (parse->priv->buffers_queued,
+        parse->priv->buffers_queued);
+  }
+
+  /* send buffers */
+  while (send) {
+    buf = GST_BUFFER_CAST (send->data);
+    GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "pushing buffer %p, timestamp %"
+        GST_TIME_FORMAT ", duration %" GST_TIME_FORMAT
+        ", offset %" G_GINT64_FORMAT, buf,
+        GST_TIME_ARGS (GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP (buf)),
+        GST_TIME_ARGS (GST_BUFFER_DURATION (buf)), GST_BUFFER_OFFSET (buf));
+
+    if (G_UNLIKELY (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (parse->priv->last_ts)))
+      parse->priv->last_ts = GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP (buf);
+
+    /* iterate output queue an push downstream */
+    ret = gst_pad_push (parse->srcpad, buf);
+    send = g_slist_delete_link (send, send);
+
+    /* clear any leftover if error */
+    if (G_UNLIKELY (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)) {
+      while (send) {
+        buf = GST_BUFFER_CAST (send->data);
+        gst_buffer_unref (buf);
+        send = g_slist_delete_link (send, send);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* any trailing unused no longer usable (ideally none) */
+  if (G_UNLIKELY (gst_adapter_available (parse->adapter))) {
+    GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "discarding %d trailing bytes",
+        gst_adapter_available (parse->adapter));
+    gst_adapter_clear (parse->adapter);
+  }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
 /* small helper that checks whether we have been trying to resync too long */
 static inline GstFlowReturn
 gst_base_parse_check_sync (GstBaseParse * parse)
@@ -1647,8 +1805,18 @@ gst_base_parse_chain (GstPad * pad, GstBuffer * buffer)
     if (G_UNLIKELY (parse->priv->passthrough)) {
       buffer = gst_buffer_make_metadata_writable (buffer);
       return gst_base_parse_push_buffer (parse, buffer);
-    } else
+    }
+    /* upstream feeding us in reverse playback;
+     * gather each fragment, then process it in single run */
+    if (parse->segment.rate < 0.0) {
+      if (G_UNLIKELY (GST_BUFFER_FLAG_IS_SET (buffer, GST_BUFFER_FLAG_DISCONT))) {
+        GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "buffer starts new reverse playback fragment");
+        ret = gst_base_parse_process_fragment (parse, FALSE);
+      }
       gst_adapter_push (parse->adapter, buffer);
+      return ret;
+    }
+    gst_adapter_push (parse->adapter, buffer);
   }
 
   /* Parse and push as many frames as possible */
@@ -1701,21 +1869,30 @@ gst_base_parse_chain (GstPad * pad, GstBuffer * buffer)
         }
         break;
       }
+      if (skip == -1) {
+        /* subclass didn't touch this value. By default we skip 1 byte */
+        skip = 1;
+      }
       if (skip > 0) {
         GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "finding sync, skipping %d bytes", skip);
-        gst_adapter_flush (parse->adapter, skip);
+        if (parse->segment.rate < 0.0 && !parse->priv->buffers_queued) {
+          /* reverse playback, and no frames found yet, so we are skipping
+           * the leading part of a fragment, which may form the tail of
+           * fragment coming later, hopefully subclass skips efficiently ... */
+          timestamp = gst_adapter_prev_timestamp (parse->adapter, NULL);
+          outbuf = gst_adapter_take_buffer (parse->adapter, skip);
+          outbuf = gst_buffer_make_metadata_writable (outbuf);
+          GST_BUFFER_TIMESTAMP (outbuf) = timestamp;
+          parse->priv->buffers_pending =
+              g_slist_prepend (parse->priv->buffers_pending, outbuf);
+          outbuf = NULL;
+        } else {
+          gst_adapter_flush (parse->adapter, skip);
+        }
         parse->priv->offset += skip;
         if (!parse->priv->discont)
           parse->priv->sync_offset = parse->priv->offset;
         parse->priv->discont = TRUE;
-      } else if (skip == -1) {
-        /* subclass didn't touch this value. By default we skip 1 byte */
-        GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "finding sync, skipping 1 byte");
-        gst_adapter_flush (parse->adapter, 1);
-        parse->priv->offset++;
-        if (!parse->priv->discont)
-          parse->priv->sync_offset = parse->priv->offset;
-        parse->priv->discont = TRUE;
       }
       /* There is a possibility that subclass set the skip value to zero.
          This means that it has probably found a frame but wants to ask
@@ -1849,6 +2026,62 @@ gst_base_parse_pull_range (GstBaseParse * parse, guint size,
   return GST_FLOW_OK;
 }
 
+static GstFlowReturn
+gst_base_parse_handle_previous_fragment (GstBaseParse * parse)
+{
+  gint64 offset = 0;
+  GstClockTime ts = 0;
+  GstBuffer *buffer;
+  GstFlowReturn ret;
+
+  GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "fragment ended; last_ts = %" GST_TIME_FORMAT
+      ", last_offset = %" G_GINT64_FORMAT, GST_TIME_ARGS (parse->priv->last_ts),
+      parse->priv->last_offset);
+
+  if (!parse->priv->last_offset || parse->priv->last_ts <= parse->segment.start) {
+    GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "past start of segment %" GST_TIME_FORMAT,
+        GST_TIME_ARGS (parse->segment.start));
+    ret = GST_FLOW_UNEXPECTED;
+    goto exit;
+  }
+
+  /* last fragment started at last_offset / last_ts;
+   * seek back 10s capped at 1MB */
+  if (parse->priv->last_ts >= 10 * GST_SECOND)
+    ts = parse->priv->last_ts - 10 * GST_SECOND;
+  /* if we are exact now, we will be more so going backwards */
+  if (parse->priv->exact_position) {
+    offset = gst_base_parse_find_offset (parse, ts, TRUE, NULL);
+  } else {
+    GstFormat dstformat = GST_FORMAT_BYTES;
+
+    if (!gst_pad_query_convert (parse->srcpad, GST_FORMAT_TIME, ts,
+            &dstformat, &offset)) {
+      GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "conversion failed, only BYTE based");
+    }
+  }
+  offset = CLAMP (offset, parse->priv->last_offset - 1024 * 1024,
+      parse->priv->last_offset - 1024);
+  offset = MAX (0, offset);
+
+  GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "next fragment from offset %" G_GINT64_FORMAT,
+      offset);
+  parse->priv->offset = offset;
+
+  ret = gst_base_parse_pull_range (parse, parse->priv->last_offset - offset,
+      &buffer);
+  if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)
+    goto exit;
+
+  gst_adapter_push (parse->adapter, buffer);
+  ret = gst_base_parse_process_fragment (parse, FALSE);
+  if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)
+    goto exit;
+
+exit:
+  return ret;
+}
+
 /**
  * gst_base_parse_loop:
  * @pad: GstPad
@@ -1861,13 +2094,23 @@ gst_base_parse_loop (GstPad * pad)
   GstBaseParse *parse;
   GstBaseParseClass *klass;
   GstBuffer *buffer, *outbuf;
-  gboolean ret = FALSE;
+  GstFlowReturn ret = FALSE;
   guint fsize = 0, min_size;
   gint skip = 0;
 
   parse = GST_BASE_PARSE (gst_pad_get_parent (pad));
   klass = GST_BASE_PARSE_GET_CLASS (parse);
 
+  /* reverse playback:
+   * first fragment (closest to stop time) is handled normally below,
+   * then we pull in fragments going backwards */
+  if (parse->segment.rate < 0.0) {
+    if (GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (parse->priv->last_ts)) {
+      ret = gst_base_parse_handle_previous_fragment (parse);
+      goto done;
+    }
+  }
+
   while (TRUE) {
 
     GST_BASE_PARSE_LOCK (parse);
@@ -1875,11 +2118,8 @@ gst_base_parse_loop (GstPad * pad)
     GST_BASE_PARSE_UNLOCK (parse);
 
     ret = gst_base_parse_pull_range (parse, min_size, &buffer);
-
-    if (ret == GST_FLOW_UNEXPECTED)
-      goto eos;
-    else if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)
-      goto pause;
+    if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)
+      goto done;
 
     if (parse->priv->discont) {
       GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "marking DISCONT");
@@ -1897,18 +2137,23 @@ gst_base_parse_loop (GstPad * pad)
       break;
     }
     parse->priv->drain = FALSE;
+    if (skip == -1)
+      skip = 1;
     if (skip > 0) {
       GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "finding sync, skipping %d bytes", skip);
+      if (parse->segment.rate < 0.0 && !parse->priv->buffers_queued) {
+        /* reverse playback, and no frames found yet, so we are skipping
+         * the leading part of a fragment, which may form the tail of
+         * fragment coming later, hopefully subclass skips efficiently ... */
+        outbuf = gst_buffer_create_sub (buffer, 0, skip);
+        parse->priv->buffers_pending =
+            g_slist_prepend (parse->priv->buffers_pending, outbuf);
+        outbuf = NULL;
+      }
       parse->priv->offset += skip;
       if (!parse->priv->discont)
         parse->priv->sync_offset = parse->priv->offset;
       parse->priv->discont = TRUE;
-    } else if (skip == -1) {
-      GST_LOG_OBJECT (parse, "finding sync, skipping 1 byte");
-      parse->priv->offset++;
-      if (!parse->priv->discont)
-        parse->priv->sync_offset = parse->priv->offset;
-      parse->priv->discont = TRUE;
     }
     /* skip == 0 should imply subclass set min_size to need more data ... */
     GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "finding sync...");
@@ -1925,11 +2170,8 @@ gst_base_parse_loop (GstPad * pad)
   } else {
     gst_buffer_unref (buffer);
     ret = gst_base_parse_pull_range (parse, fsize, &outbuf);
-
-    if (ret == GST_FLOW_UNEXPECTED)
-      goto eos;
-    else if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)
-      goto pause;
+    if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)
+      goto done;
     if (GST_BUFFER_SIZE (outbuf) < fsize)
       goto eos;
   }
@@ -1943,10 +2185,21 @@ gst_base_parse_loop (GstPad * pad)
   /* This always unrefs the outbuf, even if error occurs */
   ret = gst_base_parse_handle_and_push_buffer (parse, klass, outbuf);
 
-  if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)
-    goto pause;
+  /* eat expected eos signalling past segment in reverse playback */
+  if (parse->segment.rate < 0.0 && ret == GST_FLOW_UNEXPECTED &&
+      parse->segment.last_stop >= parse->segment.stop) {
+    GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "downstream has reached end of segment");
+    /* push what was accumulated during loop run */
+    gst_base_parse_process_fragment (parse, TRUE);
+    ret = GST_FLOW_OK;
+  }
 
 done:
+  if (ret == GST_FLOW_UNEXPECTED)
+    goto eos;
+  else if (ret != GST_FLOW_OK)
+    goto pause;
+
   gst_object_unref (parse);
   return;
 
@@ -2599,13 +2852,13 @@ gst_base_parse_handle_seek (GstBaseParse * parse, GstEvent * event)
   gst_event_parse_seek (event, &rate, &format, &flags,
       &cur_type, &cur, &stop_type, &stop);
 
-  GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "seek to format %s, "
+  GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "seek to format %s, rate %f, "
       "start type %d at %" GST_TIME_FORMAT ", end type %d at %"
-      GST_TIME_FORMAT, gst_format_get_name (format),
+      GST_TIME_FORMAT, gst_format_get_name (format), rate,
       cur_type, GST_TIME_ARGS (cur), stop_type, GST_TIME_ARGS (stop));
 
   /* no negative rates yet */
-  if (rate < 0.0)
+  if (rate < 0.0 && parse->priv->pad_mode == GST_ACTIVATE_PUSH)
     goto negative_rate;
 
   if (cur_type != GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET ||
@@ -2671,8 +2924,8 @@ gst_base_parse_handle_seek (GstBaseParse * parse, GstEvent * event)
   }
 
   GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse,
-      "seek position %" G_GINT64_FORMAT " in bytes: %" G_GINT64_FORMAT, cur,
-      seekpos);
+      "seek position %" G_GINT64_FORMAT " in bytes: %" G_GINT64_FORMAT,
+      start_ts, seekpos);
   GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse,
       "seek stop %" G_GINT64_FORMAT " in bytes: %" G_GINT64_FORMAT,
       seeksegment.stop, seekstop);
@@ -2706,6 +2959,7 @@ gst_base_parse_handle_seek (GstBaseParse * parse, GstEvent * event)
     if (flush) {
       GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "sending flush stop");
       gst_pad_push_event (parse->srcpad, gst_event_new_flush_stop ());
+      gst_base_parse_clear_queues (parse);
     } else {
       if (parse->close_segment)
         gst_event_unref (parse->close_segment);
@@ -2734,22 +2988,25 @@ gst_base_parse_handle_seek (GstBaseParse * parse, GstEvent * event)
     /* This will be sent later in _loop() */
     parse->pending_segment =
         gst_event_new_new_segment (FALSE, parse->segment.rate,
-        parse->segment.format, parse->segment.last_stop, parse->segment.stop,
-        parse->segment.last_stop);
+        parse->segment.format, parse->segment.start, parse->segment.stop,
+        parse->segment.start);
 
     GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse, "Created newseg format %d, "
         "start = %" GST_TIME_FORMAT ", stop = %" GST_TIME_FORMAT
         ", pos = %" GST_TIME_FORMAT, format,
-        GST_TIME_ARGS (parse->segment.last_stop),
-        GST_TIME_ARGS (stop), GST_TIME_ARGS (parse->segment.last_stop));
+        GST_TIME_ARGS (parse->segment.start),
+        GST_TIME_ARGS (parse->segment.stop),
+        GST_TIME_ARGS (parse->segment.start));
 
     /* mark discont if we are going to stream from another position. */
     if (seekpos != parse->priv->offset) {
       GST_DEBUG_OBJECT (parse,
           "mark DISCONT, we did a seek to another position");
       parse->priv->offset = seekpos;
+      parse->priv->last_offset = seekpos;
       parse->priv->discont = TRUE;
       parse->priv->next_ts = start_ts;
+      parse->priv->last_ts = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
       parse->priv->sync_offset = seekpos;
       parse->priv->exact_position = accurate;
     }