# Write the Uarte implementation
## Step-by-Step Solution

### Step 1: Check Documentation.

The UART protocol requires four pins, they are usually labelled:
* RXD
* TXD
* CTS
* RTS

✅ Check the User Guide in section 7.2 to find to find out which pins are reserved for these and what their configuration needs to be.  

### Step 2: Explore the `nrf-hal` to find out what needs to be done. 


The `nrf52840-hal` is a crate that exports all the `52840` flagged features from the `nrf-hal-common`. Let's take a look at the nRF-Hal [Uarte module](https://github.com/nrf-rs/nrf-hal/blob/v0.14.1/nrf-hal-common/src/uarte.rs). 

In line 16 we see, that the nRF52840 uses the `hal::pac::UARTE1` peripheral.
In line 44 you find the `struct Uarte<T>(T)`, the interface to a UARTE instance `T`. Besides the instance `T`, the instantiating method takes variables of the following types as arguments: `Pins`, `Parity` and `Baudrate`.

A quick search of the document reveals where to find all of them:
* `Pins`: Line 463
* `Parity` and `Baudrate`: Re-export on line 34

✅ Add the following lines as import:
```
use hal::pac::uarte0::{
    baudrate::BAUDRATE_A as Baudrate, config::PARITY_A as Parity};
use hal::uarte;
```

###  Step 3: Add `struct Uarte

✅ Add `struct Uarte` that serves as a wrapper for the `UARTE1` instance.
The struct has one field labelled `inner`, it contains the `UARTE1` instance: `hal::Uarte<hal::pac::UARTE1>`.

<details>
  <summary>Solution</summary>

```rust
pub struct Uarte {
    inner: hal::Uarte<hal::pac::UARTE1>,
}
```
</details>

### Step 4: Bring up the peripheral in the `fn init()`

✅ Take a closer look at the definition of the `uarte::Pins` struct in the `nrf-hal`. Compare the pin type configurations with the ones you have already imported in `lib.rs`. Add the ones you're missing. 

✅ Create an instance of this struct in `fn init()` with the appropriate pins and configurations. Set the output pin's level to `Level::High`.
Note, that the third and fourth pin are each wrapped in an `Option`. 

✅ Create an interface to the UARTE1 instance with `uarte::Uarte::new(...)` that you bind to a variable. This instantiating method takes four arguments:
* The `UARTE1` instance can be found in the `periph` variable.
* Your instance of the `uarte::Pins` struct.
* Set parity to `Parity::INCLUDED` 
* set the baud rate to `Baudrate::BAUD115200`.

<details>
  <summary>Solution</summary>

```rust
  let pins =  hal::uarte::Pins {
            rxd: pins.p0_08.degrade().into_floating_input(),
            txd: pins.p0_06.degrade().into_push_pull_output(Level::High),
            cts: Some(pins.p0_07.degrade().into_floating_input()),
            rts: Some(pins.p0_05.degrade().into_push_pull_output(Level::High)),
        };
       

        let uarte = hal::uarte::Uarte::new(periph.UARTE1, pins, Parity::INCLUDED, Baudrate::BAUD115200);
```
</details>

### Step 5: Board struct

✅  Add a field for the `Uarte` struct in the `Board` struct. 
add the field to the instance of the `Board` struct in `fn init()`.

<details>
  <summary>Solution</summary>

```rust

pub struct Board {
    /// LEDs
    pub leds: Leds,
    /// Buttons
    pub buttons: Buttons,
    /// Timer
    pub timer: Timer,
    /// uarte interface
    pub uarte: Uarte,
}

// ...

pub fn init() -> Result<Board, ()> {

    // ... 

        Ok(Board {
            leds: Leds {
                // ...
            },

            buttons: Buttons {
                // ...
            },
            // 🔼  --- Exercise Button --- 🔼 

            timer: Timer { inner: timer },

            uarte: Uarte { inner: uarte },
        })
    } else {
        Err(())
    }
```

</details>

### Step 6: Implementing the `fmt::Write` trait

We can't just write to the `Uarte` instance. A simple write would write from flash memory. This does not work because of EasyDMA. We have to write a function that implements the `fmt::Write` trait. This trait guarantees that the buffer is fully and successfully written on a stack allocated buffer, before it returns. 

✅ Add `use::core::fmt;` to your imports.

✅ Create a public method `write_str`. It takes a mutable reference to self and a `&str` as argument. It returns an `fmt::Result`

✅ Create a buffer. The type is an `array` of 16 u8, set to all 0. 

✅ To copy all data into an on-stack buffer, iterate over every chunk of the string to copy it into the buffer:

<details>
  <summary>Solution</summary>

```rust
impl fmt::Write for Uarte {

    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
        // Copy all data into an on-stack buffer so we never try to EasyDMA from
        // flash.
        let mut buf: [u8; 16] = [0; 16];
        for block in s.as_bytes().chunks(16) {
            buf[..block.len()].copy_from_slice(block);
            self.inner.write(&buf[..block.len()]).map_err(|_| fmt::Error)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}
```
</details>

### Step 7: Connect your computer to the virtual UART
[todo!] [directions for mac present, linux and windows are missing.]
   
✅  Use the following command to find the address of the nRF52840-DK on your computer. 

```
ls /dev/tty.usbmodem*
```

✅  Run the following command to run `screen` with the nRF52840-DK with 115200 baud. 

```
screen <address of mc> 115200
```

### Step 7: Run the example.
   
✅ In another terminal window go into the folder `down-the-stack/apps` and use the following command. 

```
cargo run --bin uarte_print
```

On your terminal window where `screen` runs, "Hello, World" should appear. 

You need to terminate `screen` manually.