diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/accept.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/accept.rs
index 1bafc1d..427f272 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/accept.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/accept.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -19,9 +20,11 @@ use super::HandlerResult;
 pub async fn handle_accept(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
     // Accept(Follow)
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let actor_profile = get_profile_by_remote_actor_id(
         db_client,
         &activity.actor,
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/add.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/add.rs
index de80b42..a822383 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/add.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/add.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -16,8 +17,10 @@ use super::{HandlerError, HandlerResult};
 pub async fn handle_add(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let actor_profile = get_profile_by_remote_actor_id(
         db_client,
         &activity.actor,
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/announce.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/announce.rs
index 3b897b6..91b0f21 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/announce.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/announce.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::activitypub::{
 };
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::database::DatabaseError;
+use crate::errors::ValidationError;
 use crate::models::posts::queries::{
     create_post,
     get_post_by_remote_object_id,
@@ -19,8 +21,10 @@ use super::HandlerResult;
 pub async fn handle_announce(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let repost_object_id = activity.id;
     match get_post_by_remote_object_id(
         db_client,
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/create.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/create.rs
index 9c4a7df..6c53b2f 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/create.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/create.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
-    activity::{Activity, Attachment, Link, Object, Tag},
+    activity::{Attachment, Link, Object, Tag},
     constants::{AP_MEDIA_TYPE, AP_PUBLIC, AS_MEDIA_TYPE},
     fetcher::fetchers::fetch_file,
     fetcher::helpers::{
@@ -391,10 +391,10 @@ pub async fn handle_note(
 pub async fn handle_create(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: JsonValue,
     is_authenticated: bool,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
-    let object: Object = serde_json::from_value(activity.object)
+    let object: Object = serde_json::from_value(activity["object"].to_owned())
         .map_err(|_| ValidationError("invalid object"))?;
     let object_id = object.id.clone();
     let object_received = if is_authenticated {
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/delete.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/delete.rs
index 034299e..175ea7b 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/delete.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/delete.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -21,8 +22,10 @@ use super::HandlerResult;
 pub async fn handle_delete(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let object_id = find_object_id(&activity.object)?;
     if object_id == activity.actor {
         // Self-delete
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/follow.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/follow.rs
index b35a3d7..d2cdbcb 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/follow.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/follow.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::activitypub::{
 };
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::database::DatabaseError;
+use crate::errors::ValidationError;
 use crate::models::relationships::queries::follow;
 use crate::models::users::queries::get_user_by_name;
 use super::{HandlerError, HandlerResult};
@@ -17,8 +19,10 @@ use super::{HandlerError, HandlerResult};
 pub async fn handle_follow(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let source_profile = get_or_import_profile_by_actor_id(
         db_client,
         &config.instance(),
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/like.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/like.rs
index 13e883a..e1988a4 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/like.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/like.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::activitypub::{
 };
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::database::DatabaseError;
+use crate::errors::ValidationError;
 use crate::models::reactions::queries::create_reaction;
 use crate::models::posts::queries::get_post_by_remote_object_id;
 use super::HandlerResult;
@@ -16,8 +18,10 @@ use super::HandlerResult;
 pub async fn handle_like(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let author = get_or_import_profile_by_actor_id(
         db_client,
         &config.instance(),
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/move.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/move.rs
index 1ee41bc..37c3c91 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/move.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/move.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -29,9 +30,11 @@ use super::HandlerResult;
 pub async fn handle_move(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
     // Move(Person)
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let object_id = find_object_id(&activity.object)?;
     let target_value = activity.target
         .ok_or(ValidationError("target is missing"))?;
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/reject.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/reject.rs
index d8cc634..18c1673 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/reject.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/reject.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -19,9 +20,11 @@ use super::HandlerResult;
 pub async fn handle_reject(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
     // Reject(Follow)
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let actor_profile = get_profile_by_remote_actor_id(
         db_client,
         &activity.actor,
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/remove.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/remove.rs
index 2685e0b..a403c7c 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/remove.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/remove.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -20,8 +21,10 @@ use super::{HandlerError, HandlerResult};
 pub async fn handle_remove(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let actor_profile = get_profile_by_remote_actor_id(
         db_client,
         &activity.actor,
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/undo.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/undo.rs
index 3081b9e..59c8c6f 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/undo.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/undo.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -54,8 +55,10 @@ async fn handle_undo_follow(
 pub async fn handle_undo(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     if let Some(FOLLOW) = activity.object["type"].as_str() {
         // Object type is currently required for processing Undo(Follow)
         // because activity IDs of remote follow requests are not stored.
diff --git a/src/activitypub/handlers/update.rs b/src/activitypub/handlers/update.rs
index 0ca9325..e1a8ab4 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/handlers/update.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/handlers/update.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use chrono::Utc;
+use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio_postgres::GenericClient;
 
 use crate::activitypub::{
@@ -122,8 +123,10 @@ async fn handle_update_person(
 pub async fn handle_update(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
-    activity: Activity,
+    activity: Value,
 ) -> HandlerResult {
+    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity)
+        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("unexpected activity structure"))?;
     let object_type = activity.object["type"].as_str()
         .ok_or(ValidationError("unknown object type"))?;
     match object_type {
diff --git a/src/activitypub/receiver.rs b/src/activitypub/receiver.rs
index c4e04fb..f6d52c2 100644
--- a/src/activitypub/receiver.rs
+++ b/src/activitypub/receiver.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use crate::errors::{
     HttpError,
     ValidationError,
 };
-use super::activity::Activity;
 use super::authentication::{
     verify_signed_activity,
     verify_signed_request,
@@ -131,15 +130,15 @@ pub async fn receive_activity(
     config: &Config,
     db_client: &mut impl GenericClient,
     request: &HttpRequest,
-    activity_raw: &Value,
+    activity: &Value,
 ) -> Result<(), HandlerError> {
-    let activity_type = activity_raw["type"].as_str()
+    let activity_type = activity["type"].as_str()
         .ok_or(ValidationError("type property is missing"))?;
-    let activity_actor = activity_raw["actor"].as_str()
+    let activity_actor = activity["actor"].as_str()
         .ok_or(ValidationError("actor property is missing"))?;
 
     let is_self_delete = if activity_type == DELETE {
-        let object_id = find_object_id(&activity_raw["object"])?;
+        let object_id = find_object_id(&activity["object"])?;
         object_id == activity_actor
     } else { false };
 
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ pub async fn receive_activity(
     match verify_signed_activity(
         config,
         db_client,
-        activity_raw,
+        activity,
         // Don't fetch actor if this is Delete(Person) activity
         is_self_delete,
     ).await {
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ pub async fn receive_activity(
     if config.blocked_instances.iter()
         .any(|instance| signer.hostname.as_ref() == Some(instance))
     {
-        log::warn!("ignoring activity from blocked instance: {}", activity_raw);
+        log::warn!("ignoring activity from blocked instance: {}", activity);
         return Ok(());
     };
 
@@ -225,8 +224,7 @@ pub async fn receive_activity(
         };
     };
 
-    let activity: Activity = serde_json::from_value(activity_raw.clone())
-        .map_err(|_| ValidationError("invalid activity"))?;
+    let activity = activity.clone();
     let maybe_object_type = match activity_type {
         ACCEPT => {
             handle_accept(config, db_client, activity).await?
@@ -265,7 +263,7 @@ pub async fn receive_activity(
             handle_update(config, db_client, activity).await?
         },
         _ => {
-            log::warn!("activity type is not supported: {}", activity_raw);
+            log::warn!("activity type is not supported: {}", activity);
             return Ok(());
         },
     };